Environment Pollution Caused By Construction Activities Environmental Sciences Essay

Environment Pollution Ca use By verbal expression Activities environmental Sciences EssayThis chapter bear the brief information and effects of the environmental issues happened in the Malayan mental synthesis Sites. This is a literature chapter review on the environmental defilement happened which make water tod by the winding activities in Malaysia. For example, direct taint, water pollution, water pollution, up stick pollution, wastage problem, footing movements and and so forth2.2 Environment Pollution Caused by Construction ActivitiesAccording to Krishnan Ganesh (2005) guide that the pollution consists of any change of the environment in physical, chemical or biological characteristics which might be endanger the human tone and oppo grade life being. Besides, pollution might go a vastred in increasing of nose tin kittydy dioxide (CO2) and new(prenominal) green house gases conversely decreasing in stratospheric ozone on globose scale enhance the global enviro nmental pollution to air, water and push down resources, biological diversity and human health. base on Jennifer Gray (2010), the turn industriousness is a major source of pollution compound about 4% of particulate emissions, spiriteder occurrences of water pollution incidents than any some(a) otherwise intentness and frequent complains of interference all(prenominal) year. However, the main aras of concern are including air, water, noise and foulness pollution.Meanwhile, Zhen et al (2006) stated the dirt, harmful gases, noises, blazing lights, lusty and liquid drive offs, ground movements, messy, fallen item, and etc that hazards from twirl site are the sources of pollution. It would as rise as interrupt the residents near the area further much influence their health feel and well-being of people in the whole city.In short, twirl industry at site has full of danger, difficult and dirty or as tenderd death syndrome which are to be encountered and control under certain rules enactments. However, these rules regulation of environmental protection raft be imposed by the topical anaesthetic statutory, g everywherenment, and any other independent institutions.2.2.1 Air PollutionNancy J. Sell (1945) notes the interpretation of air pollution is an addition to our atmosphere of any materials having a disconfirming effect on life and environment. Normally are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxides (NO), sulphur oxides (SO) and various hydrocarbons and particulates which are small particles consists of solids.The construction activities much(prenominal) as land clearing, exercise of diesel engines, demolition, burning and meshing with poisonous materials pull up stakes contri neverthelesse to air pollution. All construction activities produce high level of dust which can effects large distance over ache time (Jennifer Gray, 2010). In addition, Jennifer (2010) in addition stated that diesel is the nigh critical em issions of a lot of toxic gases. Air pollution occur when the noxious vapours and other hazardous chemicals that are wide of the markly used on construction sites.The human health will be change same as to the physical by the various types of pollutants. Most of the time, animal death can be happened by air pollutant as long it goes into the animal food sources. Damage on plant might be visible or which affect the growth, productivity and life will give of the plants will be damaged (Nancy J. Sell, 1945).At last, the air pollution is this instant linked to the human and other wild life being. This is because the poisonous air particular will damaging the respiratory systems of every living organism. other serious diseases will also happen due to the insufficient inhaled of sporting air and excessive inhaled of hazard oxygen. Therefore, the air quality is required to be controlled on construction sites moreover off the sites.2.2.2 Water Pollution diesel engine and oil, paint, solvents, cleaners and other harmful chemicals and construction debris and dirt can be direct sources causing of water pollution. Soil erosion cause silt-bearing run-off and sediment pollution when the land is cleared. clog and soil that run into ingrained waterways turn them turbid and restrict sunlight filtration and devastate aquatic life. In addition, other pollutants much(prenominal) as diesel and oil, toxic chemicals, and building materials from the site will be carried by the run-off of surface water. This happened to poison the water life when these substances get into waterways and any animal intake it. The source of human alcohol addiction water can be contaminated when the pollutants on construction sites glom into the groundwater which makes it much more difficult to purify than the surface water (Jennifer Gray, 2010).Based on Chiew Mynn, Jason and Joanthan (1997) essayn that an example which the construction of a new golf give near the waterfall at Frasers Hill, Pahang tourism attr execute. The forest nearby has been cleared, no roots to hold on to the surrounding soil and erode when the rains fuck off. Silt and sand that comes from the construction become extremely murky and dirty as the soils run into the waterfall. Consequently, the overwhelming of construction activities surround the waterfall has lost its attr feat.In short, water pollution can be affecting the health and resort of human and other wild life being gradually by intake the poisoned water sources which could not be purify completely. However, it might also cause massive damage to the building structures through the hidden cartroad off of soil and water gradually under the foundation. Serious soil sedimentation and erosion will happen if excessive deforestation and suppuration without proper plantation on the construction sites. Hence, the water pollution must be stoping effectively in dictate to provide safe and health living of building environmental.2.2.3 Noise Po llutionNoise is an increasingly omnipresent, yet underestimated, form of pollution. Long achievements of exposure to relatively low levels of noise can have adverse effects on human health, such as raised blood pressure, hypertension, disrupted sleep and cognitive development in children (Kiernan, 1997), diminished working memory span, and psychiatric disorders (Bond, 1996).The vehicles, heavy equipment and machinery on construction sites create a lot of noise. Excessive noise is annoying and distracting, attainable to cause loss in hearing, high blood pressure, sleep hindrance and extreme stress. Research has proven that high noise levels disturb the born(p) life cycles and usable habitat of animals (Jennifer Gray, 2010).As Choong Mek Zhin (2010) notes in his articles, Construction work going on at night in Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya is causing many an(prenominal) residents to lose sleep and suffer from stress due to the constant noise from the purge sites. The constructi on works are proceeding although on unrestricted holidays.There are various noise sources on the construction sites and which grass various types of noise which need to be managed such as scope noise, idling noise, blast noise, strike noise, rotating noise, intermittent noise, howling, screeches and squeals (Lisa M. Sabitoni, 1996).Therefore, heavy noise pollution can cause mental problem of the human. This could bring a wide linkage of damages to the residential area nearby the construction sites if the noise levels are not well managed. hold over down the stairs shows the noise construction activities schedule for noise limitation.Table Typical noisy construction activities against the permissible noise limits (Khairul Sani B Samsudin, 2007)Type of whole kit and caboodle7am-7pm7pm-10pm10pm-7amVery reedy Workse.g. piling, blasting, demolition, concreting works, use of percussion tools e.g. pneumatic hammers, etcYesNoNoModerately Noisy Workse.g. erection/dismantling of formw ork, tying/fixing of steel bars, operation of cranes, loading/unloading of construction materials, etcYesYesNoQuiet Workse.g. house time laging, bricklaying, plastering, painting, etcYesYesYes2.2.4 Wastage fussWaste produced by industrial operations has to be concerned as superabundance levels bear down out the appreciation of utilize of environment born(p) resources while the environmental issue is in concern globally. Construction industry has contributes a major surplus to the overall depopulate volume among other industry operations one-yearly for majority of the country. Most of the party gnarly in the operation do not alert of that construction waste can happen at every stage of the activities. During the stage on construction site, most of the resources are being used, at that placefore the major waste level are low which it can be observed for initial stage (Teoh Su Ping et al, 2009).As Ekanayake Ofori (2000) said, Construction waste can be divided into trine majo r categories which are material, labour and machinery waste. However, material wastage is of more concern as more of the raw materials from which construction inputs are derived come from non-renewable resources.In short, waste anxiety stands critical step to mitigate the pollution to the environment as the construction industry has contributes a major waste to the overall waste levels among the other industry operation. This is because every construction project is unique and heterogeneous which it undergoes with many various materials, methods, machinery under such long in durations. In addition, these construction wastes can cause an excessive sum of wastages which most of the inputs are produced from non-renewable resources such as timbers, steel bars, cement and sand, system bricks, marble and gravel tiles and etc natural resources. Therefore, waste charge must be operated in order to minimize the massive wastages problems and pollute the environment.2.3 SummaryConstruction industry is full of challenges among the other production industry. This is because any of the pollution such as air, water, noise, waste problems and etc can be happened in the construction sites if ill-timed protection and prevention during every single stage of the construction. Therefore, these require split of effort in managing the conditions of the construction sites under a long period of construction time. However, some certified environmental guidance governance (EMS) with valuable process and procedure is useful in the protection of environmental quality. For example, worldwide certified ISO 140012004 as an EMS.Chapter 3 judgment and Principles of ISO 14001 as environmental circumspection formation (EMS)3.1 ingressThis chapter is to present the concept and principles of the ISO 14001 as an EMS in Malaysian Construction Organizations. The important information including the introduction, concepts, benefits, methods, issues, challenges of processes and procedures in terms of implementing the ISO 14001 as an EMS.3.2 Concept of ISO 14001ISO 14001 was first published in 1996 and specified with actual requirement for an environmental Management System (EMS). It applies to those environmental aspects which the organisation has control and over which it can be expected to have an influence. ISO 14001 is often seen as the corner gemstone standard of the ISO 14000 series. However, it is not besides the most well known, but is the only ISO 14000 standard against which it is on-goingly possible to be certified by an outdoor(a) certification authority. Having stated this, it does not itself state specific environmental carry oning out criteria.This standard is applicable to any organization that wishes toImplement, maintain and rectify an environmental management systemAssure itself of its conformity with its own stated environmental policy (those policy fealtys of course must be made)Demonstrate conformanceEnsure compliance with environmenta l laws and regulationsSeek certification of its environmental management system by an external third party organization generate a self-determination of conformance(ISO 14000/ ISO 14001 Environmental Management Guide, 1996)3.3 carrying out move of EMS ground on ISO 14001According to Sarkis (1998), who has listed down the five important stairs which showing the successful effectuation process of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) based on ISO 14001. The five important steps are shown as to a lower placeEnvironmental policy Firms must capture in a create verbally document their intentions and principles in relation to their environmental behaviour. This statement must show firms commitment to comply with environmental legislation, to prevent pollution and also to potentially reform their environmental surgical operation. It also must be accessible for the public. provision Firms have to identify controllable environmental aspects and determine which ones have monument al environmental impacts. These are the ones that firms should cling first. Then firms have to determine the judicial dimensions of these impacts (which will depend on the sector, the geographical situation) and, based on this information, they have to establish objectives and targets as well as the EMS to achieve them.slaying and operation it means the allocation of human, financial and physical resources for these issues. Managers have to cast the environmental responsibilities, provide the sui bow training to employees and also establish the intimate and external communication channels in order to spread the environmental commitment among all the sections in the organization and the stakeholders.Checking and corrective action It includes the quantity of environmental performance, the identification of deviations by comparing targets and results and the application of corrective actions when necessity. In order to be able to carry out these activities, firms must keep envir onmental records and have periodical size uping of the EMSs.Management review In order to guarantee the effectiveness and continuous improvement of the EMSs, managers have to review and get a feedback of all the policies, objectives and procedures.(Sarkis, J., 1998)At first, the organisations must comply with the environmental policies to prevent the environmental issues furthermore to improve their environmental performance. Then, the planning on controllable environmental aspects and impacts must be made in order to set up objectives and targets to be achieved by the organisations. Subsequently, experienced personnel have to apply the environmental management systems and hold back the environmental commitment has reached to every member in the organization as well as the stakeholders. Consequently, checking and corrective action must be taken which consists of environmental performance measures, comparison on divergence findings and rectifies actions. It would also required sche duled environmental records and periodical auditing of the EMS. Lastly, the management review step enables the managers to reassess and collect feedback related to the effectiveness and essential improvement required on the policies, objectives and procedures.In short, a good EMS consists of not only the general five important steps of implementation processes but also required good integration of communication and coordination channels in between the executive personnel, managers, staffs, labours and other stakeholders. This could be the most critical point which might directly influence the effectiveness and efficiency of EMS in the full organisations.3.4 Benefit of Implementing ISO 14001 in Construction OrganizationsAccording to Blackmores (2008) noted, there are three (3) main categories of benefits which are financial, operational or inner and external ranges as shown belowFinancialCost savings by minimise the waste and use of natural resources such as electricity, water, gas and fuels efficiently. station the environmental risks and addressing the weaknesses. Helps the organisation to prevent the fines and penalties by fit to meet the environmental legislation,Indicating go risk management to helps minimising the insurance costs.Operational/ inheringImprove the performance and efficiency in generalConstrict the production processes, minimise in the risk of incidents and produce break-dance efficiencyEliminate unforeseen and soundbox by controlling the disruption and wasteStaffs responsibility are refined clearlyInternal communications and morale improvedExternal persuade as innovative and forward thinking approachLead to better public perception of the organization and a competitive advantage, furthermore to improve sales opportunitiesLead to better community awareness of the impact of the construction activities on the local anaesthetic residents such as noise, smell, dust, vibration, etc.Demonstrate commitment to the environment and provide confi dence to the customers, trade partners, stakeholders, regulators and local authorityIn addition, the implementing of ISO 14001 gives a lot of benefits such as protection of the environment lessen operating costs increased access to markets demonstrated compliance with regulations improve environmental performance improved customer trust and satisfaction enhanced corporate image and credibility employee involvement and education and potential impact on world trade to admit competition on an follow basis (George Ofori et al, 2000).3.5 Environmental Management System (EMS) Do It Yourself (D.I.Y.) Schemes by CIDBEMS DIY Schemes is a part of the effective communication plan to be jointly kill by CIDB and Stakeholders, it was designed for given the significant importance of external accreditation which advance the construction companies to attain the ISO 140012004 certification. This scheme has two certifications which are ISO 14001 EMS certification and the CIDB EMS protection.How ever, there are 3 main objectives which to be achieved by the CIDB as listed belowProvide formal recognition of certified contractors on commitment to rightness environmental managementConvenient the employers of the contractors such as JKR, housing developers and local authorities to select certified contractors, who have practicing commitment to excellence environmental managementProvide CIDB with an index for monitoring and reporting the general environmental management awareness and practice of Malaysian contractors, as reflected in the annual number of contractors certified to the two EMS certification schemes.The overall aim of these schemes is to subsidize the Malaysian contractors with a cost-effective program in order to improve their performance up to a standardised level as well as in developed countries. Meanwhile, it also helps to assist the contractors to upgrade their environmental management performance throughout the EMS certification programs.At first, the contra ctor has to attend the EMS sentiency computer programme which consists of 3 module, such as staff AP1, AP2 and AP3 in order to choose whether CIDB EMS franchise Program or ISO 14001 EMS evidence Program. This allow the contractor to understand regarding Why, How and Benefits or Implementing Systematic Environmental Management forrader selecting either one of the EMS Programs by CIDB. Besides, an EMS sense reading Certificate will be issued by the CIDB to the participant after the completion of 3 training modules in the EMS Awareness Program. After that, it is a condition precedent to carry on either one of the two EMS D.I.Y. Programs by CIDB and 3 months will be given the participants to decide after completion of EMS Awareness Program. The chase table shows the EMS Awareness Program.Table Environmental Management System Awareness Program (CIDB, 2007)PhasePeriodMilestonesActivitiesAction byMan-day run onEnvironmental Awareness and Education2 calendar monthsTraining staff AP1Environmental Issues Malaysia Environmental PolicyIntroduction to CIDB- D.I.Y Scheme.Introduction to Global Environmental Problems and Management Issues.Introduction to Malaysian environmental management policies adviser1Training mental faculty AP2Introduction to ISO 14001 EMSIntroduction to ISO 140012004 EMS Standard and the Requirements.Strategic EMS writ of execution send off.Consultant1Training Module AP3Malaysia Environmental Legal Regulatory RequirementsAwareness of the current environmental sub judice and regulatory requirements in the Malaysian construction industryTo identify legal and other requirements and develop appropriate Legal registryConsultant1Total Man-day33.5.1 CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. ProgramCIDB EMS Certification Program is an EMS Program under CIDB EMS DIY Scheme which takes 6 months from Phase 1 to 4 as shown in the table below. However, the participant must undergo the EMS Awareness Program before undertake this program and it only allows the CID B registered contractors from phratry G1-G6. Conversely, Class G7 contractors are only permitted to participant for ISO 14001 EMS Certification. There are some conditions in implementation of the EMS required such as, the first year shall be for one on-going project, second year shall be for three on-going projects, third and later(prenominal) year shall be for all projects. Meanwhile, the name of all projects involved in the implementation of EMS shall be included in the CIDB EMS certificate and annual rehabilitation of the certificate is depend on the compliance satisfaction with the annual EMS audit requirements. The action plan of the CIDB EMS Certification Program is shown as belowTable CIDB EMS Certification Program Processes (CIDB, 2007)PhasePeriodMilestonesActivitiesAction byMan-day championshipEMS visualizening sustenance2 MonthsTraining Module CP1EMS PlanTraining to Introduce the EMS Plan (Content and carrying out Steps).Development of the EMS Plan.Consultant2 affir mer bodily functionPrepare EMS Plan declarers to elevate the EMS Plan Submit to Consultants for military rank. asseverator evaluation of EMS Plan0.5 MonthModule CP2 on-the-spot(prenominal) Evaluation of the EMS PlanOn-Site review the EMS Plan interview key staffs.Identify the EMS slaying Project (minimum 1 construction project).Suggest improvements. avower1Contractor ActivityTake corrective ActionBased on evaluation findings, contractor takes appropriate corrective action and amends the necessary documentation.Contractor implementation of EMS Plan2.5 MonthsContractor ActivityImplementing the EMS PlanContractor implements the EMS Plan (Office and minimum 1 construction project).ContractorModule CP3/CP4/CP5Consultancy Support on the EMS Plan ImplementationConsultant will visit the contractor monthly to provide on-site implementation advices and supports.Consultant3CIDB scrutinise1 MonthModule CP6CIDB EMS Certification examineCIDB Appointed attendant performs the EMS Certifica tion Audit.CIDB Appointed Auditor1Contractor ActivityTake strict ActionTake corrective actions to close out the non-conformance found in the Audit.Submit corrective action plan to Auditor.Contractor selectAward of CIDB EMS CertificationCertification Award after review of the corrective action plan.TOTAL MAN-DAYS7 DAYSRegistration slant and PaymentThe table below states the overall registration fees to be paid. The payments are separated into 2 stages upon the start of the respective phases. Meanwhile, the registration fees need to be paid upon the arrange 1 (EMS Awareness Program). However, these payments are excluded the accommodation and travel fees of the participants.Table CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. Program Fee and Payment (CIDB, 2007)CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. ProgramTotal Fee RM 8,500.00Payment in 2 StagesPhasesMain-DaysPayment by ContractorsEnvironmental Awareness Education3Stage 1EMS Planning and DocumentationEvaluation of EMS Plan3Stage 2Implementation of EMS PlanCIDB Audit31It also covers the followingAward of CIDB EMS Certificate3.5.2 ISO 14001 EMS Certificate D.I.Y. ProgramISO 14001 EMS Certification Program under CIDB EMS DIY Scheme is an EMS Program by CIDB. It takes 10 months to complete from Phase 1 to 6 and it is open to every contractors. Table below shows the ISO 14001 EMS Certification Processes.Table ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) Certification ProgramPhasePeriodMilestonesActivitiesAction byMan-day SupportEMS Appreciation0.5 MonthsTraining Module IP1ISO 14001 EMS briefing for Top Management demo to Top Management on the EMS Objectives, Benefits, Roles and Responsibilities.Consultant0.5EMS Planning2.5 MonthsTraining Module IP2Environmental Policy, Aspects Significant ImpactsTraining on methods to identify and develop Environmental Aspects Impacts.Decide Criteria and Methodology for Determining Significant Impacts.Consultant1.5Contractor ActivityPrepare Policy, Legal Environmental Aspects Register, Implementation Pla nContractor to pay off the Environmental Policy, Legal Registers and Environmental Aspects Impacts Register.Contractor to plan develop and implementation plan and milestones.ContractorModule IP3On-site Review Consultation on Policy, Legal Aspects RegisterAssessment of current EMS status against ISO 140012004 other legal requirements.Review the Implementation Plan Approach for the EMS implementationConsultant2Training Module IP 4Objectives, Targets, KPI EMPIntroduction to importance and formulation in establishing the objectives, targets, Key Performance Indication (KPI) and Environmental Management Program (EMP).Consultant1Contractor ActivityPrepare Objectives, Targets EMPContractor to prepare the environmental Objectives, Targets, KPI and EMP.ContractorModule IP5On-site Review Consultation on Objectives, Targets, KPI EMPConsultant to review and finalise the Objectives, Targets, KPI and EMP established.Consultant1Documentation EMS Implementation 12.5 MonthsModule IP6Off -site cookery of EMS Manual Procedures GuidelinesOff-site Preparation of Guidelines for EMS Manual Procedures specific to the contractors organisation.Consultant1Training Module IP7ISO 14001 EMS Documentation ImplementationIntroduce and develop the EMS documentation (Manual, Procedures) and implementation programme.Softcopies provided for the Environmental System operational procedures and forms.Consultant1Contractor ActivityEMS Documentation ImplementationContractor to prepare EMS Manual Procedures based on Consultants guidelines information provided. The guidebook formats provided on computer disk will be used.Initiate EMS Implementation Collect the initial data.ContractorModule IP8On-site Review get back the EMS Manual ProceduresOn-site Review Consultation on EMS Manual Procedures. indemnify the documents if necessary.Consultant1Stage 1 AuditDocumentation AuditThird Party Certification consistencys Auditor conducts Documentation Audit.Certification BodyContractor ActivityTake nonindulgent actionBased on audit findings, contractor takes appropriate corrective action and amends the necessary documentation.ContractorDocumentation EMS Implementation 21.5 MonthsContractor Activity go EMS implementationContinue implementing the procedures and programmes as planned e.g. Records, monitoring data, training etc. as per tasks outlined.ContractorModule IP9On-Site Consultation on Implementation ProgressOn-site supervise Consultation on Implementation of Procedures and EMP to ensure the implementation programmes are properly in place and utilised. Consultant to provide manpower on guidance.Contractor1Checking Management Review2 MonthsTraining Module IP10ISO 14001 EMS Internal Auditor TrainingConduct ISO 14001 EMS Internal Auditor Training to provide skills and knowledge on how to conduct internal audit and becoming a competent internal auditor.Consultant2Contractor ActivityConduct Internal Audit Take Corrective ActionsContractor to conduct intern al audit to identify gaps in the systems.Auditor to prepare internal audit report and issue corrective actions gather up if required.Responsible personnel to take appropriate corrective actions.ContractorModule IP11On-site Monitoring Consultation on Internal Audit and Corrective actions takenTo check and review EMS Implementation progress and provide hands on guidance.To close out the Corrective Action Requests.Consultant1Contractor ActivityConduct Management ReviewConduct Management Review to communicate and review EMS performance improvements plans.ContractorModule IP12On-site Consultation on EMS Implementation Site dexterityOn-site Monitoring Consultation on Management Review and EMP.Check site condition.Consultant1Contractor ActivityFinalise EMS and Ensure Site ReadinessContractor to finalise EMS and ensure Site Readiness.ContractorPre-Assessment1 MonthModule IP13On-site Pre-AssessmentPerform Pre-certification assessment to determine the conformity of the EMS implementatio n.Identify improvement opportunities and present pre-assessment audit

Challenges and Opportunities for Evidence Based Practice

take exceptions and Opportunities for Evidence root word PracticeIntroductionIn recent years Evidence-based class period (EBP) has been advocating in treat profession, however until now there all the same encounter umpteen a(prenominal) difficulties, conflict impact on evidence-based practice provement. In this essay willing be discussed the con head for the hillss and opportunities of future direction of evidence-based practice in breast feeding.EBP is a conclusion make approach introduction in 1992. Sackett et al. (1996) state that EBP is a stovepipe evidence method of health care decision make which gist to ruffle sources from look into findings, clinical expertise and consideration of client preferences, clinical setting and a nonher(prenominal) external factors much(prenominal) as cost. (as cited in Hewitt-Taylor, 2002). EBP is a scientific and systematic process rather than handed-down approach such as customs, rituals and authority from transmission to mitigate quality and efficiency of tolerant outcome (Shaneyfelt et al. 2006). disputes sewer be defined as barriers, difficulty during deem the evidence-based practice in nursing. Actually, there are many disputes of EBP development, in the denomination will try to divide into four geeks to discuss altercate of the contain, Challenge of the clinical environment, Challenge of the look into and Challenge of the fundamental law. The power of opportunities is to analysis how to improve or diminish the gap between research evidence and clinical practice, and discuss the factors that jock for the future direction of EBP in nursing.ChallengesChallenge of the concur,Challenge of the nurse relate to the nurses beliefs or attitude to EBP, lack of understanding, companionship and skills of EBP. A recent study (Oranta, Routasalo Hupli, 2002) indicated nurses have divergence the jimmy between research and practice some nurses have conservative ideas that do not delicious change the nursing practice. The result reflect nurses have misunderstanding or negative attitude about evidence based care which whitethorn create wrong belief i.e. indifference or ignore the value of EBP. Nurse unawareness of research, are not familiar with EBP, and no spirit improve the knowledge, not to mention to fulfil it in clinical care. (Hutchinson Johnston, 2004 Wang, Jiang, Wang, Wang Bai, 2013). Attitudes ask behavior, if nurse attitude remain unchanged, would increase degree of difficulty to dribble out EBP in the future.Lack of skills implementation of EBP alike a large challenge facing by nursing (Majid et al. 2010 Hutchinson Johnston, 2004). There are nine-fold components of EBP complicate asking suitable questions, selecting the best pertinent entropy, evaluating the evidence and integrating of patient preference, research evidence etc.in clinical decision making (Shaneyfelt et al. 2006). Nurse requests ability of desegregation and critical appraisal resea rch skills i.e. information seeking, understand statistical terms, implementation to run through the EBP process. Provide grooming and training for EBP should be an important concern in the future for nurse.Challenge of the researchNext challenge point related to research. Nurses always opine articles from journal are not readily available (Chau, Lopez Thompson, 2008 Gale Schaffer 2009 Wang et al. 2013). Actually findings from different research may not always have high take aim of reliability and validly, methodologies and presentation inadequacies or misconception may exist. Nurses probably feel upturned and difficult to appraisal quality of findings, research reports are lengthy, include many academic, jargon terms and statistical analyses ca consumption difficult to comprehension (Oranta, Routasalo Hupli, 2002).Further more than, research finding usually not publishes fast enough and lack of rule of thumb to implement in the clinical practice. Develop the research disse minate type to improve clinical utilization is a main direction in future, otherwise presentation of researches increase barrier to use finding in patient care, eventually obstruct EBP implementation.Challenge of the clinical environmentclinical environment seem to be a liberal challenge which supreme restrict nurse implementing EBP (Lee, 2003). Most studies (Hutchinson Johnston, 2004 Gale Schaffer 2009 Wang et al. 2013) stated that nurses have lack of clock and heavy workload influences on utilization of research in practice setting. Take Hong Kong as an example, according to the survey conducted by Association of Hong Kong nurse Staff at 2013, the average of nurse-patient ratio117 (normal 14-6) in globe hospitals, the bed occupancy rate is 92.9%. Nurses not only have day-to-day heavy workload, also facing a serious shortage problem. judgment of conviction and labour restrict and clinical safety concerns, nurse tend to use traditional practices and cannot keep frequently f ollow update journals during functional (Hutchinson Johnston, 2004). The working environment resistant changing tried and definitely threats EBP utilization in future.Challenge of the organizationEBP is a complex and multifaceted process, cannot apply by individual, administrative support is very important. However lack of organization support is the common complaint by nurses. According to Chau et al. (2008) and Hutchinson Johnston, (2004) the most important challenge of research utilization are lack of authority and no cartridge clip to implement new ideas or involve research activity. These concerns related to the organization which include the setting barriers and limitations e.g. quantify, resources, support and mentoring.Besides, conservative attitude of organization such as lack of intention in changes or welcome new ideas must influences EBP utilization (Gale Schaffer, 2009). It would limit the development of clinical practice to implement EBP and take the health ca re qualities.In addition, nurse indicated that corporation with other originals also a barrier of EBP implementation (Oranta, Routasalo Hupli, 2002). Health care is a team working which involve many different professionals, such as physician, physiotherapist etc. during co-operation may cause differences of decision making. In traditional doctor has the most authority in clinical decision making, nurse advice may cause conflict or challenges by doctor. Therefore birth between medical and nursing is also an organization related challenge of EBP utilization.Although there are many challenges of EBP in clinical utilization, challenges creates opportunities, the following plowshare would analysis how to overcome some barriers between research evidence and clinical practice, and talk about the factors that relate to the future direction of EBP in nursing.OpportunitiesFirstly, upgrading of nursing education curriculum improve nurses professional status and research knowledge. breast f eeding students learn of EBP show more potential of ability on clinical decision making (Brown et al. 2010). Although the nursing programme in universities already include research skills teaching to implement evidence-based practice, transferring finding into clinical practice still a big problem for novice nurses. The curriculum should be include how to connect the EBP to the utilization, not just think the part of research skills training.Besides, base on shortage of nurse, there are different potpourri of organizations domiciliate nursing training such as nursing school, hospital nurse training courses, these courses more focus on clinical practice, but not include teaching EBP. At least the basic concept and skills of EBP should be educated in those courses which to improve knowledge of apply EBP into clinical practice.Second, solidarity and cooperation is also an opportunity to future direction of EBP. No matter clusters, hospitals or hospital ward in Hong Kong tend to wor king independently and lack of co-ordinate with other. To propose EBP should include cooperate and sharing. The hospitals or clusters can form some research groups from different hospitals or wards include senior and junior nurses to conduct research-related work. This kind of workshop would improve the stuffs ability to identify the clinical issues, review researches, analysis, uphold to implement research finding or conduct research etc. eventually improve the quality of nursing care.Third relate to organization, the inferiors heed the superiors if the organization have positive attitude to motivate and reward EBP can raise the awareness to the staffs pay attention to EBP (Gale Schaffer, 2009). To improve future develop of EBP, organizational should be modified the nurse ratios. Provide more time and facilities to encourage nurse for discussing and applying research finding in clinical (Lee, 2003).Fourth, facing of decreasing birth rate, the elderly increasing inevitable, agin g population already became a international problem, elderly care must pay more attention in nursing. Community services would be a big tendency and increase outreach services and day care services nursing care. Communities services for example community nurse and Nursing Clinic also help to relive the treatment cost, reduce stress and workload of front pull out nurse and bed occupancy rate. This situation closely relate to EBP because the reference of nurses become more arduous and specialization, the case nurse reserve professional health care services with integration, multifunction should have both evidence and knowledge to support the practice and patient outcome. The phenomenon nominates opportunity to EBP to walk out the hospitals and integrate into the communities.Fifth, in the future nurses implement EBP may not just focus on Western medicine, also include Chinese medicine. In topical years, popularity of Chinese medicine increasing in Hong Kong, most elderly tend to u se Chinese treatment such as acupuncture, qigong diet regimen. Chinese medicine research and the utilization on clinical should be part of concern in EBP when making decision. As favorable condition of geographics and culture in Hong Kong, combine Chinese and Western medicine would be a tendency, as a nurse should have the knowledge integration and application in clinical care.In conclude EBP utilization show a more scientific method to the clinical decision making lead to improve and maintain health care quality, it is definitely the planetary direction in nursing future development. Base on the repressive of policies and environment, working environment and organization seems to be two bigger challenges of EBP utilization. Although there are many challenges of EBP, different limitations from nursing and the external environment such as aging population, Chinese medication become more popularity etc provide some opportunities to indicate the future direction of EBP. Nursing prof ession requisite to sensitive to those factors, then appropriate to develop or improve, probably reduce the gap between clinical practice and EBP, also may provide a new direction for EBP in nursing utilization.

Social Work Evidence Based Practice Strengths and Weaknesses

kindly Work Evidence found Practice Strengths and WeaknessesCritically analyse the strengths and weaknesses of exploitation an licence found set out to a limited area of neighborly practise practice, referring to recent look for findings in this area. Specific area fourth-year adults and moral rise upness depict below is an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of using an manifest ground attack to a specific area of genial urinate practice, referring to recent findings with regards to senior mickle and intellectual wellheadness in particular. Social browse practice is weaken into various areas in lay out, to effectively assist with the problems of different individuals as easily as genial groups much(prenominal) as senior adults with, or stirred by genial wellness conditions and problems such as depression and dementia. elderly adults with psychogenic health conditions do and beat valueed from well up-foc dod neighborly convey practices. T he habit of the consequence found coming alone or a broadside some otherwise factors has the capacity to knead social pop off practices designed to help and hold dear elder adults with affable health conditions.Of course to maintain relevance as well as professional effectiveness social lead practices should invent the postulate of the cumulus being cared for not to mention altering to correct practices as empirically demonstrated by the most recent query findings.1 As mentioned below evidence base onsetes to assisting senior(a) people with psychic health conditions or issues have led to suggested methods to improve the social control practices that turn the basis of the function provided for those undefendable people that request to expend them being made.2 Social tameers that are tasked with assisting festerd people with, or bear on by mental health problems ideally should recitation the social fit practices that have been proven to assist vulnera ble onetime(a) people the most. so evidence-based neares privy help social take a shiters determine the best throwing practices to in humans use.To get with it back tooth be reasonably argued that using an evidence-based approach to the specific social drop dead practices base on ballss social shapeers working with sometime(a) people cerebrate with mental health issues strengths. The postulate for reliable and accurate research into quondam(a) people and mental health for social work practices is undoubtedly be escortming more(prenominal) important as the British population in cat valium with many Western societies is maturation as people are loosely living for longer. 3Past and recent medical exam research has frequently shown that in that location is a strong connection between an ageing population interpreted as a whole and mental health issues becoming more common for aged people. An ageing population raises issues and concerns for the National wellness attend (NHS), and the discussion section for Work and Pensions (DWP), which includes the Pension Service as much as it does for social work practices.4Limited parts of medical research points to many mental health issues or conditions in older people as being preventable, and even in certain circumstances reversible. Social work practices ideally should be altered if it is potential to assist older people that can recover from temporary or reversible mental health problems to do so.However some mental health conditions and problems affecting older people such as vascular and senile dementia cannot be prevented and reversed, though medication can hamper their full onset. In such circumstances NHS or undercover sector health care usefulnesss not to mention social work practices have to be adjust to cope with a higher demand for their use. When realistic social work practices should be altered in order to prevent, tackle, or reverse the mental health conditions and that could p ossibly restore older people to full health. Social work practices should also help older people whose mental health conditions cannot be reversed.5When older adults are affected by mental health conditions whether upon a short term basis or upon a long term basis then social work practices arguably needs to be adaptable as well as practical equal to assist those older adults more effectively. Older adults with mental healthconditions may previously have been active normal people used to doing everything for them that perfectly find things much more difficult once their condition or illness becomes well established.Ongoing medical research is slowly finding new treatments that can in the right circumstances help older adults with mental health conditions and illnesses remain as healthy as possible for as long as possible. The basic assumption here is that when older adults with mental health conditions stay healthier for a longer point of time they could in that respectfore be less reliant upon their carers, the NHS, social protection benefits, as well as the social serves provided to them by social workers.6The reversing or the delaying of the worst or most debilitating of mental health conditions in older adults can help those people to lead normal and self-sustaining lives for as long as possible. Older adults that are able to remain firm or overcome the worst consequences of their mental health conditions will be more likely to retain their self-dignity as well as their independence.It is the leaders of independent lives by the older adults affected to varying degrees by mental health conditions that can potentially receive the most beneficial attention from their social workers as well as all relevant medical staff. Social work practice that enables older adults to remain in their homes and were possible within their own families gives such vulnerable people a consciousness of stability as well as helping to keep them in familiar surrounding s.The strengths of using evidence based approach to guide and shape social work practices towards older adults with mental health conditions are therefore in many respects straightforward to understand. As in the legal age of social work fields or areas, social workers make use of an evidence-based approach to increase the effectiveness of the social work go that they real provide to the people who require their assistance the most. Using an evidence-based approach provides learning or research that provided it is gathered efficiently and interpreted accurately provides information to social workers to point out the most effective social work practices.Using an evidence based approach has the strength of suspending the social workers who form social work practices to alter those practices to help larger numbers of older adults with mental health conditions to receive the social work services that should benefit them the most. It should also follow on logically that using an ev idence-based approach would allow the resources and also the social services by the social work providers to be used most effectively. Older adults with mental health conditions can cast the type of social work provided to them by highlighting the best as well as the less effective social work practices.7At the end of the day social work practices are only there to help the most vulnerable older adults amongst other social groups and isolate individuals even though these social work practices might not constantly be popular with social workers themselves. The strength as well as the point of using the evidence-based approach is therefore that the best interests of the most vulnerable older adults with mental health conditions should evermore is consumen into account.8 Indeed the best interests of the most vulnerable older people as revealed via the use of the evidence-based approach are incorporated into both completely new as well as revised social work practices. In theory, a nd also to a very large extent in practice the use of the evidence based approach is that it has the strength of providing social workers with information and indications almost, which older adults that need help due to their mental health conditions and issues.9 The evidence based approach means social workers know where to concentrate help as well as guidance as to what kind of social work service would be most useful for these older adults.10 at that place are actually as well as potentially sources of weakness when using the evidence based approach in forming and subsequently amending when necessary social work practices in relation to older adults with mental health conditions or issues. The evidence based approach to providing information with regard to older adults with mental health conditions is only useful in many respects when combined with other information or procedures that form the basis of social work practices.11To begin with social workers might have to make decis ions with regard to the help or social services that individual older adults with mental health conditions or problems and whether or not to offer them help before the evidence based approach has provided enough information roughly these specific older adults.12 It can and indeed does take time for the evidence based approach to be gathered and evaluated before it is strong enough to alter or mayhap even entirely replace all the relevant social work practices. Social workers need to have social work practices set in place all of the time in order for them to be always able to offer vulnerable older adults their help and advice with regard to mental health conditions. When or if existing social work practices are deemed to be highly effective in helping as well as protecting older adults with mental health conditions there would have to be convincing evidence. Without wide ranging proof that the findings and suggestions from the evidence-based approach could offer profound improveme nts to the social work services they need not take place. It could improve the social services available for older adults that need or could eventually need to use them in the future.13One of the weaknesses of using the evidence based approach to assist in the formation and the subsequent shape of social work practices for older adults with mental health conditions is that such an approach does not take other factors or organisations into account.14 An over reliance upon the use of the evidence based approach to drawing up social work practices to assist older adults with mental health conditions is that a narrowly focused concentration on such an approach could lead to an underestimation of other actors.15 Social workers could lowball the importance of other private sector and cosmos sector bodies, groups, and organisations that offer services to older adults. Other private sector and also worldly concern sector bodies, groups, and organisations offer services to older adults wi th mental health problems either because the government tasks them with doing so, or because they can make money from doing so.16In reality this weakness of using the evidence based approach when drawing up social work practices is not really a problem. This weakness is not a profound or serious problem because social work departments are used to working with private sector as well as public sector bodies, companies, groups, and organisations when they set out to deliver social services to the general public taken as a whole.17 Providing the grab services for older adults with mental health conditions really is an example of public services being delivered by a whole host of private sector as well as public services groups, organisations, and agencies.18 on base social work departments, the DWP, the NHS, private sector care homes, local authorities, as well as charities for older adults and people with mental conditions provide services.19The weaknesses of using the evidence base d approach for developing social work practices for assisting older adults is that the evidence might not be as complete as would be helpful to social workers. Research into the affects and consequences of mental health issues or problems for older adults has arguably proved insufficient until recently given the ageing populations within the majority of Western societies.20 Older adults with dementia or uniform mental health conditions frequently need a great deal of care and support as do their carers, and also their families in order to cope with the consequences of severe mental illnesses. Sometimes it is the spouses, the children, or indeed other relatives of the older adults with the more pronounced mental health conditions who can be most adversely affected by the worst consequences of their loved ones illness.21There are weaknesses that the evidence based approach towards setting social work practices for older adults with mental health conditions relating to the limited sco pe of that approach. Research into older adults with mental health problems and conditions has not always examined the ill affects that such conditions have upon the carers and the relatives of the people with the illnesses or health complaints. 22 On a practical aim social work practices can be as much about supporting tired or distressed close relatives and carers as it is about assisting the older adults afflicted with or by poor and worsening mental health conditions.23 When mental health conditions, issues, or problems adversely affect older adults then it can strain their relationships with their close relatives, especially their spouses or children, which in turn causes stress to all of them. Strained relationships between older adults with mental health conditions and the close relatives caring for them can lead to those older adults moving into care homes and hospitals rather than been cared for at home. Helping older adults with mental health conditions get better can ha ve the benefit of allowing some of them to remain working or indeed to start working again.24To conclude it has been argued that the use of the evidence based approach to draw up and shape social work practices in relation to older adults with mental health conditions can offer strengths as well as weaknesses to social workers. The evidence based approach to drawing up or shaping social work practices for older adults with mental health conditions offers the strengths of providing social workers with relevant information and information to draw effective policies. The information and data from the evidence based approach research allows social work departments to increase the effectiveness of their social work practices towards older adults with mental health problems. The main weaknesses of using the evidence based approach towards forming and amending social work practices is that it can cause a delay in relevant information being used by social workers, and that it can underest imate the part that other organisations play in providing services to older adults.BibliographyAudit Commission / Better Government for Older throng Older People, independence and well-being The challenge for public services, Public arena BriefingBowers H, Eastman M, Harris J, Macadam A (2005) Moving out of the Shadows A musical composition on mental health and wellbeing in later life, Health Care Development Ltd, LondonBrooke L and Taylor P, Older workers and employment managing age relations, senescent society 25, 2005, 415-429, Cambridge University Press plane section of Health, A Sure erupt to later life, Ending inequalities for older people, January 2006Estes, C.L. Biggs, S. and Phillipson, C. (2003), Social Theory, Social Policy and Ageing A critical introduction, Open University Press, MaidenheadMaria Evandrou and Karen Glaser, Combining work and family life the pension penalty of care, Ageing and Society 23, 2003, 583-601, Cambridge University Press theater of Comm ons Committee of Public Accounts, Improving Public Service for Older People, Twenty- Ninth Report of Session 2003-04 (May 2004)Riseborough M Jenkins C (April 2004), Now you see menow you dont How are older citizens being include in regeneration? Age Concern, LondonVincent, J., Phillipson, C. Downs M., (eds) (2006) The Futures of Old Age, Sage1Footnotes1 Vincent et al, 20062 Brooke and Taylor, 20053 Vincent et al, 20064 Brooke and Taylor, 20055 Vincent et al, 20066 Brooke and Taylor, 20057 Evandrou Glaser, 20038 Brooke and Taylor, 20059 House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts, May 2004 p. 1010 Vincent et al, 200611 Department of Health, 200612 Audit Commission / Better Government for Older People, p.213 Riseborough Jenkins, April 2004 p. 614 Evandrou Glaser, 200315 Department of Health, 200616 Brooke and Taylor, 200517 Riseborough Jenkins, April 2004 p. 618 Audit Commission / Better Government for Older People, p.219 Vincent et al, 200620 Riseborough Jenkins, April 200 4 p. 621 Brooke and Taylor, 200522 Riseborough Jenkins, April 2004 p. 623 House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts, May 2004 p. 1024 Department of Health, 2006

Myoglobin In The Utilization Of Oxygen In Animals Biology Essay

Myoglobin In The Utilization Of Oxygen In Animals Biology merchantmanvasMyoglobin is an oxygen-binding spheric protein which is vital in facilitating the acquisition and utilization of oxygen in animals. Myoglobin was isolated and purified from set up water buffalo paint a picture. The Myoglobin was isolated by cation- turn chromatography, and submersion of Myoglobin is measu reddened by spectrophotometry. Total immersion of protein was inflexible by per body-build Bradford protein assay. Iron analysis was performed by atomic engrossment spectrophotometry (AAS). Molecular clog of Myoglobin was resolved by running SDS-PAGE. A total amount of revenue ug Myoglobin was purified by the cation-exchange chromatography with a relative purity of 25.9%. The concent limit of the purified Myoglobin was determined to be 0.072 ug/uL. The molecular weight of Myoglobin was determined to be 18204 Da And 0.423 mg of weight-lift were detected in the acid digested extractIntroductionMyoglo bin is a globular protein which contains a single polypeptide chain of about 153 amino acids and an iron-porphyrin complex, or the hematin group (3). And it has a molecular weight of 16700 Da and 153 amino acids (4). The non-covalently resound heme group, which resides in the hydrophobic interior of the native globin chain, is able to unfold under acidic condition and consequently weakens the interaction surrounded by the heme group and the globin (5).Myoglobin is an oxygen-transport protein which can be found in muscle tissues of all mammles. Myoglobin is critical in mammalian cell in that it is responsible for storage and distribution of oxygen, and possibly carrying energy (4). Diving animals such(prenominal) as seals and whales have excessive amount of Myoglobin that help them travel undersea by storing and transport oxygen (9). It plays a significant role in the physiological function of kernel and skeletal muscle (2). Elevated expenditure of oxygen during exercise nece ssitates the production of myoglobin in red muscle and heart cells, and the transportation of oxygen by myoglobin from the sarcolemma to the mitochondria in vertebrate heart and red muscle cells. (1)Spectrophotometry studies the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with iotas, atoms and ions (10). It can shed abstemious on the physical and chemic properties by measuring the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation (10). Besides, it is also used to identify biomolecules from their individualistic absorption spectrum. In the meantime, spectrophotomoetry can quantitatively measure the concentproportionn of molecules in dissolver According to the Beer-Lambert law, the fraction of incident light absorbed by a solution at a tending(p) wavelength is indicative of the concentration of the absorbing species (10) . Tryptophan and tyrosine can absorb ultraviolet light, which accounts for the characteristic beefed-up absorbance of light at wavelength of 280 nm by most pro teins (9). Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)can be used to determine the identity and concentration of chemical elements in the gaseous state by measuring the light radiation absorbed by the elements (10).Ion-exchange chromatography is a technique for separating biomolecules capable of being compound in electrostatic interactions (10). Molecules can be divide based on their sign and magnitude of net agitate at a revealn pH and formation of electrostatic linkages surrounded by thee rosin and the protein of interest (9). Ion exchange separations take place in pillars packed with an iron-exchange resin (10). Resins with bound non- noggin detergent groups argon cation exchanges whereas those with bound cationic groups are anion exchangers (9). Selection of ion exchange resin depends on what is to be purified, the pH to be used in the towboat, and the readiness of the functional group (10).Electrophoresis is the separation of proteins based on the crusade of the charged pro teins under the influence of an electric field (9). The migration of the protein depends on its shape, size, charge and chemical composition (10). An electrophoretic method, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) can be used to estimate the purity and determine the molecular weight of the protein (9). intercession of the protein by the ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can give it a uniform net charge, and protein can then be separated based solely on its mass (10).In this experiment, Myoglobin is extracted and purified by cation-exchange chromatography from ground water buffalo using Beffer A (20 nM, pH 5.6, KH2PO4) and pilot burner B (20mM, Tris buffer, pH 7.5). Absorbance of the eluent fractions is mensurable at 280nm and 417nm. Total amount of protein and the concentration of Myoglobin are determined using Bradford assay from BSA protein. Molecular weight of Myoglobin was determined by performing SDS-PAGE. Iron content in the acid digested extract is measura ble by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). A total amount of revenue ug Myoglobin was purified by the cation-exchange chromatography with a relative purity of 25.9%. The molecular weight of Myoglobin was determined to be 18204 Da. 0.757 mmol of iron and 39.5 nmol of myoglobin were detected in the acid digested extract, with a ration of 201.ResultsA total of five take ins were collected from a solution of 10.02g thawed ground buffalo mixed with 20.0mL, 20mM, pH 5.6, KH2PO4 (Buffer A) 1.0 mL of archaic extract (sample C), 1.0 mL of filtered extract (sample D), 2.0 mL of Buffer A sample solution (sample A), 2.0 mL Buffer B sample solution (sample B) and 5.0 mL acid digested extract solution. Chromatogram for the purification of myoglobin carried out by cation-exchange chromatography shows a great(p) peak from fraction number 5 to fraction number 12. (Figure 1). The formula also indicates another peak at fraction number 23, with little peaks at fraction number 19 and fracti on number 25 (Figure 1). Fraction number 23 has the highest 417 nm/ 280 nm (3.766) and the highest absorbance 90.278) at 280 nm (Figure 1).DiscussionWhen myoglobin was separated by cation-exchange chromatograph, purity of the myoglobin in the eluent fractions collected at specific volumes was examined by spectroscopy. Absorbance of Myoglobin, specifically, was measured at 417 nm and other proteins was measured at 280 nm, due to the presence of Tyrosine and Tryptophan Most proteins absorbs at a wavelength of 280 nm (10). Phophyrin has an absorbance spectrum of 414nm to 418 nm, and intensity and wavelength of the absorption can be influenced by the peripheral device substituents on the porphryin and the protonation state of the nitrogen atoms (6). Sincemyoglobin consists of a iron-containing heme prosthetic group with an iron-contained porphyrin ring (9), it can absorb at a wavelength of 417.Myoglobin has a PI value of 7, so it will have a net demonstrable charge when pH is below it s PI and a net interdict charge when pH is above its PI. When myoglobin is positively charged when buffer A (pH=5.6) is used to wash the column, it binds to a column containing negatively charged beads in cation-exchange chromatography. The positively charged Myoglobin can then be eluted by washing the column with buffers having higher pH value than 7 (Buffer B, pH= 7.5). Raising the pH of the mobiles phase buffer renders the Myoglobin less protonated and thus negatively charged. As a result, the Myoglobin is not be able to form an ionic interaction with the negatively charged stationary phase and then elutes from the column (10).144 ug Myoglobin was recovered form the column, which accounts for 10.7% of the myoglobin that was loaded onto the column. Loss of Myoglobin could be attributed to scattering spreading of Myoglobin and other contaminant proteins within the mobile phase, as a result of the increase in time length (9). Recovery of myoglobin can be improved by using narrow c olumns, longer column (7).The molecular weight of Myoglobin (18204 Da) obtained from the SDS-PAGE was similar to the literature value, 16700 Da (4), which indicated that the purified protein in the Buffer B sample was Myoglobin. The clear band generated from Lane B migrated the corresponding distance as the band from the Myoglobin standard, which further confirms that the purified protein was Myoglobin (Figure 3).The stoichiometric relationship between iron and hemoglobin is 201 instead of 11 according to the fact each molecule of Myoglobin has only one molecule of ion. The excessive amount of Fe might be exhibit in oxygen-carrying protein such as hemoglobin, which contains four heme prosthetic groups. Electron carriers in the mitochondrial respiratory chain have Fe incorporated in their prosthetic group, and examples of them include cytochomr c, ubiquinone and cytochrome oxidase. Besides, another hemeprotein, ferritin might also be present in the protein sample. Hemeprotein funct ions to stores and release iron atoms in biologically available form for use in heme and nonheme proteins and biochemical reactions (8).In conclusion, a ratio of 120 for Myoglobin and iron was obtained from the ground water buffalo. 144 ug Myoglobin was purified from the filtered extract with a relative purity of 25.9%. According to SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight of Myoglobin was determined to be 18402 Da.

Advanced Modeling Techniques For Computer Graphics Engineering Essay

Advanced Modeling Techniques For Computer Graphics Engineering EssayIn the past thirty years, casting techniques in computer graphics save evolved signifi bottomlandtly as the field has matured and attempted to portray the mazyities of nature. polygonal models, patches, points, and lines ar insufficient to represent the complexities of instinctive objects and intricate man-made objects in a manageable and controllable fashion. Higher-level modeling techniques have been developed to rear an bring upion of the model, encode classes of objects, and dispense with high-level control and spec of the model. The design of these ripe(p) modeling techniques is to provide a concise, efficient, flexible, and controllable mechanism for denominateing and invigorate models of complex objects and raw(a) phenomena. Most of these advanced modeling techniques can be considered adjectival modeling techniques code segments or algorithms are utilize to abstract and encode the details of t he model instead of explicitly storing vast poem of low-level primitives. The put on of algorithms unburdens the modeler/animator of low-level control, provides great flexibility, and let ins elaboration of his efforts by parametric control a a couple of(prenominal) parameters to the model event monumental amounts of geometric details (Smith 1984 called this database amplification). This survey examines several types of adjectival techniques, including fractals, grammar- base models, volumetric procedural models, unverbalized surfaces, and particle systems.Fractals Peitgen et al. 1992 have a nice mathematical definition, entirely in computer graphics their definition has been widen to refer generally to models with a large degree of self-similarity subpieces of the object see to be scaled down, possibly translated and rotated versions of the maestro object. Along these lines, Musgrave Ebert et al. 1994 coiffe a fractal as a geometrically complex object, the complex ity of which arises by the repetition of form over some range of scale. Many natural objects exhibit this characteristic, including mountains, coastlines, trees, plants (e.g., cauliflower), water, and clouds. Fractals can generally be classified as settled or non-deterministic (also called random fractals), depending on whether they contain randomness. Random fractals have been employ extensively in computer graphics to model natural objects, most(prenominal) notably terrain. Most fractal terrain-generation algorithms work through recursive subdivision and pseudorandom perturbation. An original surface is defined and divided equally into subparts. New vertices are giveed and pseudorandomly displaced from the original surface, with a displacement magnitude that decreases at each iteration as the frequency increases. Therefore, the first iteration gives the large peaks on the surface, and later subdivisions add small-scale detail. Only the parameters for controlling the random- human body generator, the level of subdivision, and the roughness of the surface are needed to define an extremely complex terrain. Recent work in fractals has included the mask of diffusion-limited aggregation Copyright 1996, CRC Press. ACM deliberation Surveys, Vol. 28, No. 1, bound 1996 (DLA) models and the use of multi-fractals Ebert et al. 1994, which allows different fractal dimensions (degrees of roughness) in the models to simulate natural terrain better.GRAMMAR-BASED MODELSGrammar-based models, in general Lsystems Prusinkiewicz and Lindenmayer 1990, also allow natural complexity to be specified with a few parameters. Grammar- based models have been used by umpteen authors, including Lindenmayer, Prusinkiewicz, and Fowler, to pee remarkably pictorial models and images of trees, plants, and seashells. These models use formal languages, jibe graph grammars called L-systems, to delineate natural structures algorithmically and are closely related to deterministic frac tals in their self-similarity, but fail to meet the precise mathematical definition of a fractal.1 An L-system is a formal language where all the rules are applied in parallel to provide a final sentence describing the object. In the L-system, each remainder symbol represents a part of the object or a directional command to be interpreted by a three-dimensional displace mechanism (turtle graphics). A sentence for a tree would contain voice communication describing each branch, its length, size, and branching angle, when it develops, and its connection in the tree. More complex L-systems, IL-systems, include context- sensitivity, word age information, and probabilistic rule evaluation, which allows each plant to be unique. Recent work in L-systems allows better developmental models, more(prenominal) advanced biologically based growth models, incorporation of more growth parameters, and environmental effects.VOLUMETRIC PROCEDURAL MODELSAnother procedural modeling technique, volum etric procedural modeling (also called hypertextures, volume density functions, and fuzzy blobbies), uses algorithms to define and glorify threedimensional volumetric objects and natural phenomena Ebert et al. 1994. These techniques have been used to model natural phenomena such as fire (Stam and Inakage), gases such as smoke, clouds, and fog (Ebert, Perlin, Sakas, Stam), and water (Ebert, Perlin). The volumetric procedures direct as input a point location in space, a time parameter, and parameters that describe the object being modeled, and return the density and comment of the object for that location in space. Complex volumetric phenomena can, therefore, be exposit with a few parameters. Perlin has successfully used this technique to create realistic rock arches, woven fabric, smoke, and fur Ebert et al. 1994, basing his procedures on a statistical simulation of turbulence and random noise to give natural-looking complexity to the objects. Ebert et al. 1994 have used similar functions to model and animate steam, fog, smoke, clouds, and solid marble. These procedural techniques allow the use of simple simulations of natural complexity (noise, turbulence) to speed computation, but also allow the incorporation of physically based parameters, where appropriate and feasible. This flexibility is one of the many advantages of procedural techniques.IMPLICIT SURFACESWhile previously discussed techniques have been used primarily for modeling the complexities of nature, implicit surfaces Wyvill et al. 1986 Wyvill and Gascuel 1995 (also called blobby molecules, metaballs, and soft objects) have mainly been used for modeling organic shapes, complex man-made shapes, and soft objects that are difficult to animate and describe using more traditional techniques. Implicit surfaces are a more concise representation than parametric surfaces and provide flexibility in modeling and animating soft objects. Im- 1Some authors consider L-systems to be deterministic fractals. 154 David S. Ebert ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 28, No. 1, March 1996 plicit surfaces are iso-valued surfaces created from blending primitives (skeletal elements) represented by implicit equations of the form F(x, y, z) 5 0. Each primitive is a procedure that returns a functional value for the field defined by the implicit equation. A key feature of implicit surfaces is the procedural, smooth, often volume-preserving blending of primitives to form quite complex surfaces from simple primitives. Objects are defined as offsets (isosurfaces) from a serial of blended skeletal elements (points, lines, polygons, spheres, ellipsoids, and so on). Modeling and animation of implicit surfaces is achieved by controlling the skeletal elements and blending functions, which provide complex models and animations from a few parameters (another example of data amplification). Recent work in implicit surfaces Wyvill and Gascuel 995 has increase their use to character modeling and animation, human figur e modeling, and representing rigid objects through the addition of CSG (constructive solid geometry) operators.PARTICLE SYSTEMS element systems differ from the previous foursome techniques in that their abstraction is in control of the animation and specification of the object. Particle systems do use a large database of geometric primitives to represent natural objects (fuzzy objects), but the animation, location, birth, and death of the particles representing the object are controlled algorithmically. Particle systems are most commonly used to represent natural phenomena such as fire, water, clouds, snow, rain, grass, and trees Reeves and Blau 1985. A particle- system object is represented by a large collection (cloud) of very simple geometric particles that change stochastically over time. The procedural aspect and main power of particle systems allow the specification and control of this extremely large cloud of geometric particles with very few parameters. Besides the geometri c particles, a particle system has controllable stochastic particleanimation procedures that govern the creation, movement, and death of the particles. These animation procedures often include physically based forces to simulate effects such as gravity, vorticity, conservation of momentum, and energy. Particle systems shake up special interpretation problems because of the large number of primitives, but specialized rendering techniques, including probabilistic rendering algorithms, have been developed to render particle systems Reeves and Blau 1985. incoming DIRECTIONSAdvanced modeling techniques leave alone continue to play an important situation in computer graphics. As computers become more powerful, the complexity that can be rendered will increase however, the ability of humans to specify more geometric complexity (millions of primitives) will not. Therefore, procedural techniques, with their ability to amplify the substance abusers specification and control, are the only viable alternative. The ability of these techniques to specify and control incredibly realistic and detailed models with a small number of user-specified parameters will evolve. More work will be done to allow high-level control and specification of models in user-understandable terms, while more complex algorithms and improved physically based simulations will be incorporated into these procedures. Finally, autoloading(prenominal) generation of the procedural models through artificial evolution techniques, similar to those of Sims 1994, will greatly enhance the capabilities and uses of these advanced modeling techniques.

Analysis of Google :: Internet Search Engines Technology Essays

Analysis of Google Google is a play on the word googol, which was coined by Milton Sirotta, nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, and was popularized in the book, Mathematics and the Imagination by Kasner and James Newman. It refers to the repress represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros. Googles engagement of the term reflects the companys mission to organize the immense, seemingly infinite amount of entropy available on the web.Back before Google? Aye, theres the Rub.According to Google lore, company founders Larry pageboy and Sergey Brin were not terribly fond of each other when they first met as Stanford University graduate students in data processor science in 1995. Larry was a 24-year-old University of lucre alumnus on a weekend visit Sergey, 23, was among a multitude of students assigned to show him around. They argued about every topic they discussed. Their strong opinions and diverging viewpoints would eventually find common ground in a curious app roach to solving one of computings biggest challenges retrieving relevant information from a vast bound of data. By January of 1996, Larry and Sergey had begun collaboration on a search engine called BackRub, named for its unique ability to analyze the back links pointing to a attached website. Larry, who had always enjoyed tinkering with machinery and had gained some notoriety for geting a working printing machine out of Lego, took on the task of creating a new kind of server environment that used low-end PCs instead of big expensive machines. Afflicted by the perennial shortage of cash common to graduate students everywhere, the pair took to dogged the departments loading docks in hopes of tracking down newly arrived computers that they could borrow for their network.A year later, their unique approach to link analysis was earning BackRub a emergence reputation among those who had seen it. Buzz about the new search technology began to build as word spread around campus.The search for a buyerLarry and Sergey continued working to perfect their technology through the first half(a) of 1998. Following a path that would become a key tenet of the Google way, they bought a terabyte of disks at bargain prices and built their own computer housings in Larrys dorm room, which became Googles first data center. Meanwhile Sergey set up a business office, and the two began calling on probable partners who might want to license a search technology intermit than any then available.

Solutions to Problems with the No Child Left Behind Act :: Teaching Education Essays Schools

The No Child Left Behind bet (NCLBA) deals with student achievement samples by holding schools accountable for the achievement of their students (Implementation 11). The NCLBA uses regularise tests to chart the success of students. If students ar not meeting standards, the school is call for to offer tutoring, which is funded by the state with Title I, the education mandate passed in which granted all public schools access to federal grants, m singley (No take 7). The Act itself is not the problem the problem is that the Adequate Yearly arm (AYP) standard which is a big part of the NCLBA is not being met. The AYP standard is not being met because schools are not changing their methods quickly enough. It was utter in the NCLBA that schools across the country were to consider 100% proficiency of the AYP standard in spite of appearance 12 years (Implementation 9). Since the passing of the NCLBA in 2001, most public schools, democracywide have not improved at a ll. Solutions There are a number of ways that this problem can be solved. To start, teachers could have to have higher credentials, thus giving them a better understanding of the checkmate areas in which they teach, and giving the students more and better sources (Facts). Right now teachers are only required to have a bachelors stage and be certified to teach, have a teaching certificate. Also, schools could require a minimum amount of subject fielding per week for each student (Implementation 8). As of now, the only schools that require a certain amount of study clip are private schools. In each class, there is scheduled snip each day/week set aside for studying. Basically, it is a study hall. A lot of schools have study halls already set in place, but, for example, Aransas Pass High School is one of the many schools across the nation which do not enforce studying during that time (Crenshaw). There is one very obvious, but extrem ely flawed solution to this problem. Schools need to flip-flop their curriculums and start focusing more on the

The Cosmos: Creation :: essays research papers

The human race CreationWhere is the universe from? Where is it going? How is it put together?How did it get to be this way.These are fully grown questions. Very easy to ask but about impossible to answer.We want answers for philosophical reason having nothing to do with science. Noone will get rich from discovering the structure of the universe unless they secure a book about it.The area of science dealing with Big questions is called cosmology. Thereason for its study is found in the fact thatThe universe was innate(p) at a specific time in the past and has grow eversince.The Expansion of the UniverseEdwin Hubble established the existence of other galaxies. He noted that thelight from these galaxies was shifted toward the inflammation. That is its wavelengthwas longer than that of the light emitted from the corresponding atoms in thelab. furthermore he found that the farther away the galaxy was the more it wasshifted toward the red end of the spectrum. Hubble attributed this shift to thedoppler effect.Hubble saw this and concluded that all galaxies are hasten away from us andthe universe is dramatizeing as a whole. Modern equipment has observe andverified this so-called Hubble expansion exists by dint ofout the observableuniverse.This shows three authoritative things. First at that place is no significance to thefact that earth seems to be the center of the universal expansion. In anygalaxy it would look as if you were standing still and all others were rushingaway from you. Second the apparent motion of the universe is not like an explosion.Galaxies are not moved through the universe but expand with the universe. Thirdthe galaxies themselves do not expand moreover the space between them.Finally if you ask where the expansion started the only answer is everywhere.In the words of the fifteenth-century philosopher Nicholas of Cusa, "theuniverse has its center everywhere and its pungency nowhere."This theory has one fact that is inescapable. The universe was not alwaysthere but did have an beginning. This has come to be known as the Big-Bangtheory. general FreezingWhen the universe was younger it was smaller. When matter and energy arecompacted the temperature of necessity rises. Thus when the universe was youngerit was hotter. We can see six life-or-death events called "freezings" where thefabric of the universe changed in a fundamental way.The most upstart occurred when the universe was about 500,000 age old,about 14,999,500,000 years ago. After 500,000 years permanent atoms started toform. Before 500,000 years matter existed as loose electrons and nuclei in a

Thinking And Decision Making :: Critical Thinking Decision Making

Thinking and Decision Making Paper substructureThinking is an internal mental process that uses information as input, integrates that information into previous learned material and the result may be noesis or may be nonhing. (Goodpastor et al 2007) germinal opinion, formal persuasion, and persuasive thinking are three types of thinking. Each of these types of thinking affects the slender thinking process in various ways. Creative ThinkingCreative thinking involves creating something new or original. It involves the skills of flexibility, originality, fluency, elaboration, brainstorming, modification, imagery, associative thinking, attribute listing, metaphorical thinking, and pressure relationships. The aim of creative thinking is to stimulate curiosity and promote divergence.When an undivided learns to expand their way of thinking to incorporate met aphorical ideas, they will activate the creative thinking process. Creative thinking enables us to open our caprice to new ideas.We can all think creatively. In fact, much of our thinking is in some way connected to creativity constantly in that location are variations in the processes of our unfolding thoughts. Even when we appear to be thinking in a groove or thinking in circles, if we guardedly reflect on the patterns of our thought, we will probably discover that they do not repeat exactly and even when we are intentionally repeating a pattern, such as memorized lines, the lines do not always march into computer memory with the regularity of a metronome often they come haltingly, in pieces, or in tidal waves of changing patterns, even though when we go to speak our thoughts, we qualification enunciate them smoothly. (Kirby, 2006)

The Face of Exploitation in Public Health Essay -- International Healt

The Face of Exploitation in normal wellnessInternational earth health policies set about to reform the companionable and political systems which influence the health and safety of all citizens of the world. In the past, these policies lead been created through the strong reliance on and exploitation of socially constructed systems of sort such as gender, sexuality, nationality, and economic class. It has been a system of correlation surrounded by the behaviors which seem prevalent within social groupings and chances that those behaviors will lead to illness transmition or infestation. In January 2004, the realness Health Organization announced a radical change in their policies surrounding normal health rent and prevention in the 2004 World Report on violence and health. kinda of focusing on larger global and national trends, the WHO called for an expansion of policies and sum up of resources which focused more on the experiences and support of privates rather than grou ps. This value of individual experience holds extreme promise in the expansion and effectiveness of public health initiatives as well has changes many societal systems of classifications. However, there may be detrimental effects of this change that exploit the very subjects that they attempt to help. It is a question of forcing the private experience of disease into a public domain. Where are the lines of public verses private drawn?Public health by its very definition emphasizes public classification over the individual body. Its introductory goal is to establish effective general health services that experience the minimum health requirements for a majority of people. With this general goal in mind, there are two major assumptions made within the defining of public ... ...ing Questions of Appropriation and Subversion. Bodies That Matter On the Discursive Limits of Sex. 121-156.New York Routledge, 1993. Delany, Samuel. Aversion/ perversion/Diversion. Longer Views Extended Ess ays. Hanover, New Hampshire University Press of New England, 1996Foucault, Miachael. We Other Victorians and The Repressive Hypothesis.The account of Sexuality, Volume I An Introduction.Trans. Robert Hurley. New York Vintage, 1980.Hoole, Francis. Politic and Budgeting in the World Health Organization. 2 Indiana Unniverstity Press. 1997. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. Philosophy in the Flesh The body forth Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. 3-44.New York Basic Books, 1999. Siddiqi, Javed. World Health and World Politics the World Health Organization and the UN System. 194-195. University of South Carolina Press. 1995

The Journey to Teaching Essay example -- Essays Papers

The Journey to Teaching My philosophy on teaching In taking this course there is one overwhelming particular that has become clear to me- Teaching is an ongoing process in which I willing be te Student,as much as I am the Educator. My philosophy on education has greatly expanded from doing all that I can to help nestlingren learn, to a string of numerous ideas, and thoughts, which will mildew my classroom. These are what i will discuss in this reflection. Lisa Delpit and her book former(a) Peoples Children, was influential to helping shape my educational philosophy. In her book, Delpit draws attention to educating minorities, and gives many examples as to why it is so hard. One reason is the language restriction amidst the instructor, and his/her students. I feel that from reading this book it is necessary for teachers to insure that culture impacts many of the ways our children speak. Delpit gives an example of this when discussing a conversation between a white te acher and her black student. The teacher is correcting the black child on how to say br other. The student is reading to the teacher and he pronounces the intelligence bruvver, at which time the teacheer stops him and tries to get him to say the word in proper dialect (Delpit, 1995, p.59). There are a few problems that Delpit raises with doing this. beginning(a) she says that you do non allow the child to gain confidence in their reading, and second, the child is interrupted continuously. Therefore the child will not be able to advance in the same manner as the other students who can read in the proper dialect. Culture plays a wondrous role in educating our youth, not only directly, like the example above, merely also in the relationships between parent and teacher. Delpit ca... ...to a classroom, and embracing differences will help to create a multicultural room, full of respect and individualism. severally teacher has indifidual thoughts and beliefs, which they will brin g with them to establish their own classroom. Although these values whitethorn not be the same for everyone, we need to respect them, because if we do not allow teachers to teach in their own way, then we are in fact telling them we dont trust their capabilities. This course has helped me gain an incredible number of perspective on teaching, and there is one thing that I wise(p) on the first day of class that will stick with me always. I think it sums up the every day routine that a teacher goes through, and will help me maintain my principles and strength through the most nerve-wracking times. BEWARE AND BE BOLD, never give up on a student, and never be scared to stand up for what I believe.

New York :: essays research papers

NEW YORK CITY in the altogether York is belike one of the most interesting cities in the world. It has something to offer to everybody. If you are face for culture you make the right choice visiting one of the hundreds great museums in the city.If you want night-life you are probably right in one of the famous clubs and discotheques of the city. Or if you just want relaxing holidays you better go to one of the famous parks N.Y. has to offerI would recommend you to converge Brooklyn Bridge if you are interessetad in great engeneering work. The Brooklyn Bridge is located crossways from City Hall Park. It is one of the great engineering milestones of the 19th century. magisterial the East River, this historic crossing divides Manhattan and Brooklyn. Visitors are able to walk across the bridge for an excellent view of lower Manhattan, and thither is a highway for pedestrians and bicyclists that allows a contrasting view of the two boroughs. When the Brooklyn Bridge opened in 1 883 after 16 years of construction, it linked the two independent cities of New York City to Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Bridge was the first suspension bridge build with steel. N.Y. is in any case famous for hosting the UNO nations headquarter (like vienna does, too)The buildings and grounds contain sculpture and other works of art donated by member nations. Here, in the Parliament of Man, history is make as representatives of member nations work to resolve international problems. A exceptional number of free tickets is available on a first-come, first-served basis, for meetings of the General congregation and Councils, when in session, shortly before meeting times, 1030am-330pm. You can take almost all your needs from high culture to wilderness deep down the city limits, but if you are determined to see the surrounding areas, here are a few ideas for day trips out of the city. There are some good edgees near New York and its possible to get to them for a day trip. Coney Island i s the nearest, you can get there on the tube-shaped structure but I wouldnt swim there because the water is pretty turbid as they say. A better bet is to check with the massive Island railroad line and inquire about their special beach packages which are available in June, July, and August.. For instance, you can get a round trip ticket to Long Beach on Long Island and a pass to use the beach for the day for about $12.

Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- essays research papers

Nora Helmer as a DollIn Isbens, A Dolls House Nora, the protagonist is treated like a doll - the stead of Torvald Helmer. In Act I, there are many clues that hint at the kind of marriage Nora and Torvald have. It seems that Nora is a doll controlled by Torvald. She relies on him for everything, from movements to thoughts, untold like a puppet that is dependent on its puppet police captain for all of its actions. The most obvious example of Torvalds physical control oer Nora is his re-teaching her the tarantella. Nora pretends that she needs Torvald to teach her every move in order to relearn the trip the light fantastic toe. This act shows her submissiveness to Torvald. After he teaches her the dance, he proclaims "When I saw you dance the tarantella, like a huntress, a temptress, my blood grew hot, I could...

Slendertone Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

1. Describe the melodic theme causes of Slendert mavens French sales tax revenue losses?ANS totally sales of slendertone were through distributors except of home-market. Since the investments being made in investigate and production, the companys merchandise resources were very limited, they thought it could develop overbold market for Slendertone more cost-effectively and quickly. However, there were some poorly resourced and inexperienced distributors.In France, the company was concerned about the growing dependence on one distributor.There are 5 master(prenominal) basis causes of Slendertones French sales revenue losses listed on a lower floorIncreasing competition continued to put draw on pricefrom 1993 to the beginning of 1996 drop the retail price to make do the other EMS products. Lack of seconday data for the EMS product class, and the distributor reluctant to packet sales data with Slendertone. Its hard to to determine what market dower different companies had. Al so, lack of data made it difficult to determine the coat of the existing market for EMS products in each company. Lost the TV slot the distributor had lost the television slot for the Gymbody8 to cheaper product. Tacky advertisement virtually advertising featured topless models alongside sensational claims for the products effectiveness.Distributor in 1996 Slendertone decided to develop the UK market directly, without any distributor. The decision was made on the basis of the failure to attract good distributor in the past. That s very clear to know that the problem of distributor.2. When ODonohue arrived at Slendertone, he thoroughly researched customers reasons for purchasing Slendertone, losing weight or improving appearance. Why did he choose improving appearance as the mess date for men and women age 20 to 60 years.ANS Through Mr. ODonohue gathered data on consumer behaviors and motivations relating to those different markets, he built up a clearer realize of the markets fo r Slendertone and found out its brand positioning, product emphasis, market segmentation, target market. grocery store SegmentationPositioning Strategyfor Each TargetMarketing programmefor Each TargetOriginally, Slendertone was defined as women betwee... ...an deny that the value is follow to price and character. Besides, Slendertone have large market share in a mature period,with slow growing with profitable products industry. He should exert price leadership in the EMS market.There are some main ideas will point out Slendertones brand strategy listed belowDifferentiated image- slendertone as being at the top end of the market, ground on its superior quality and powerful brand name. For the reason, Slendertone sould maintain their laid-back quality and high price image to compete those low quality EMS company.Build a strong brand identification- The profession market performing an important role in the development of slendertone. It needs to get forward from the gadget imag e and lead to profession market. Control of message marketing information- to avoid a recurrence of what happened in the French market.Innovation- To invent saucily product to prenuptials, postnatal and men but not only for women.Maintaining world(prenominal) operations and Creating a class world brand

Use of Symbols and Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Gatsby

Symbolism plays an important role in any fable of literary merit. In his novel The bulky Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbols to face events, feelings, personalities and time periods. Throughout the narrative, Fitzgerald uses strong contrasting symbols such(prenominal) as atomic number 74 junky and East Egg. His superior use of other predominant symbols such as color and light are also evident end-to-end the novel. The story begins as the narrator, Nick Carraway, describes his arrival to West Egg. One whoremaster immediately spot new-money Gatsby and no-money Nick on one side of the verbalise and old-money Buchanans on the other (Tanner x). The superiority of East Egg to West Egg is instantly apparent and has much meaning. East Egg represents the high class, the self-respecting and the elite. The people who live in East Egg come from rich family lines. In opposition to this, West Egg represents the newly rich or those with almost no money at all. There is much lordlin ess and disdain between these two groups as peck be state on page 16 of the novel when Jordan Baker remarks contemptuously on the fact that Nick lives in West Egg. The symbolism of eggs can be further explained. During one of Gatsbys parties, Nick is offered an egg. He cracks it open and finds a beccafico, a delicacy, and a treasure. Tanner remarks on this striking parallel to the rude(a) World. If one looks at America and what it has created, does one see a disgusting, aborted, stunted and still-born thing, fit only to be thrown away? Or a treasure, something special (...) and marvelous and rare? (x). The Eggs in the novel represent the two parts of America one (East Egg), materialistic, superficial and self-indulgent and the other (West Egg), which is always awaiting the coming of someth... ...ott Fitzgeralds Criticism of America. fresh Critical Interpretations F. Scott Fitzgeralds The nifty Gatsby. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 11-27. Fitzgera ld, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. England Penguin, 1990. Tanner, Tony. Introduction. The Great Gatsby. Author F. Scott Fitzgerald. England Penguin, 1990. vii-lvi. Way, Brian. The Great Gatsby. Modern Critical Interpretations F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 87-108. Hack, Robert and Libby Stockstill. Colour in The Great Gatsby. http//www.nmusd.k12.ca.us/cdmhs/gatsbycenter/roberthack&libbystockstill. November twenty-ninth 1997, 516pm. OBrien, Meghan et al. Colour Imagery in The Great Gatsby. http//www.nmusd.k12.ca.us/cdmhs/gatsbycenter/meghanobrien/gg.html. November 29th 1997, 523pm.