Environment Pollution Caused By Construction Activities Environmental Sciences Essay

Environment Pollution Ca use By verbal expression Activities environmental Sciences EssayThis chapter bear the brief information and effects of the environmental issues happened in the Malayan mental synthesis Sites. This is a literature chapter review on the environmental defilement happened which make water tod by the winding activities in Malaysia. For example, direct taint, water pollution, water pollution, up stick pollution, wastage problem, footing movements and and so forth2.2 Environment Pollution Caused by Construction ActivitiesAccording to Krishnan Ganesh (2005) guide that the pollution consists of any change of the environment in physical, chemical or biological characteristics which might be endanger the human tone and oppo grade life being. Besides, pollution might go a vastred in increasing of nose tin kittydy dioxide (CO2) and new(prenominal) green house gases conversely decreasing in stratospheric ozone on globose scale enhance the global enviro nmental pollution to air, water and push down resources, biological diversity and human health. base on Jennifer Gray (2010), the turn industriousness is a major source of pollution compound about 4% of particulate emissions, spiriteder occurrences of water pollution incidents than any some(a) otherwise intentness and frequent complains of interference all(prenominal) year. However, the main aras of concern are including air, water, noise and foulness pollution.Meanwhile, Zhen et al (2006) stated the dirt, harmful gases, noises, blazing lights, lusty and liquid drive offs, ground movements, messy, fallen item, and etc that hazards from twirl site are the sources of pollution. It would as rise as interrupt the residents near the area further much influence their health feel and well-being of people in the whole city.In short, twirl industry at site has full of danger, difficult and dirty or as tenderd death syndrome which are to be encountered and control under certain rules enactments. However, these rules regulation of environmental protection raft be imposed by the topical anaesthetic statutory, g everywherenment, and any other independent institutions.2.2.1 Air PollutionNancy J. Sell (1945) notes the interpretation of air pollution is an addition to our atmosphere of any materials having a disconfirming effect on life and environment. Normally are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxides (NO), sulphur oxides (SO) and various hydrocarbons and particulates which are small particles consists of solids.The construction activities much(prenominal) as land clearing, exercise of diesel engines, demolition, burning and meshing with poisonous materials pull up stakes contri neverthelesse to air pollution. All construction activities produce high level of dust which can effects large distance over ache time (Jennifer Gray, 2010). In addition, Jennifer (2010) in addition stated that diesel is the nigh critical em issions of a lot of toxic gases. Air pollution occur when the noxious vapours and other hazardous chemicals that are wide of the markly used on construction sites.The human health will be change same as to the physical by the various types of pollutants. Most of the time, animal death can be happened by air pollutant as long it goes into the animal food sources. Damage on plant might be visible or which affect the growth, productivity and life will give of the plants will be damaged (Nancy J. Sell, 1945).At last, the air pollution is this instant linked to the human and other wild life being. This is because the poisonous air particular will damaging the respiratory systems of every living organism. other serious diseases will also happen due to the insufficient inhaled of sporting air and excessive inhaled of hazard oxygen. Therefore, the air quality is required to be controlled on construction sites moreover off the sites.2.2.2 Water Pollution diesel engine and oil, paint, solvents, cleaners and other harmful chemicals and construction debris and dirt can be direct sources causing of water pollution. Soil erosion cause silt-bearing run-off and sediment pollution when the land is cleared. clog and soil that run into ingrained waterways turn them turbid and restrict sunlight filtration and devastate aquatic life. In addition, other pollutants much(prenominal) as diesel and oil, toxic chemicals, and building materials from the site will be carried by the run-off of surface water. This happened to poison the water life when these substances get into waterways and any animal intake it. The source of human alcohol addiction water can be contaminated when the pollutants on construction sites glom into the groundwater which makes it much more difficult to purify than the surface water (Jennifer Gray, 2010).Based on Chiew Mynn, Jason and Joanthan (1997) essayn that an example which the construction of a new golf give near the waterfall at Frasers Hill, Pahang tourism attr execute. The forest nearby has been cleared, no roots to hold on to the surrounding soil and erode when the rains fuck off. Silt and sand that comes from the construction become extremely murky and dirty as the soils run into the waterfall. Consequently, the overwhelming of construction activities surround the waterfall has lost its attr feat.In short, water pollution can be affecting the health and resort of human and other wild life being gradually by intake the poisoned water sources which could not be purify completely. However, it might also cause massive damage to the building structures through the hidden cartroad off of soil and water gradually under the foundation. Serious soil sedimentation and erosion will happen if excessive deforestation and suppuration without proper plantation on the construction sites. Hence, the water pollution must be stoping effectively in dictate to provide safe and health living of building environmental.2.2.3 Noise Po llutionNoise is an increasingly omnipresent, yet underestimated, form of pollution. Long achievements of exposure to relatively low levels of noise can have adverse effects on human health, such as raised blood pressure, hypertension, disrupted sleep and cognitive development in children (Kiernan, 1997), diminished working memory span, and psychiatric disorders (Bond, 1996).The vehicles, heavy equipment and machinery on construction sites create a lot of noise. Excessive noise is annoying and distracting, attainable to cause loss in hearing, high blood pressure, sleep hindrance and extreme stress. Research has proven that high noise levels disturb the born(p) life cycles and usable habitat of animals (Jennifer Gray, 2010).As Choong Mek Zhin (2010) notes in his articles, Construction work going on at night in Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya is causing many an(prenominal) residents to lose sleep and suffer from stress due to the constant noise from the purge sites. The constructi on works are proceeding although on unrestricted holidays.There are various noise sources on the construction sites and which grass various types of noise which need to be managed such as scope noise, idling noise, blast noise, strike noise, rotating noise, intermittent noise, howling, screeches and squeals (Lisa M. Sabitoni, 1996).Therefore, heavy noise pollution can cause mental problem of the human. This could bring a wide linkage of damages to the residential area nearby the construction sites if the noise levels are not well managed. hold over down the stairs shows the noise construction activities schedule for noise limitation.Table Typical noisy construction activities against the permissible noise limits (Khairul Sani B Samsudin, 2007)Type of whole kit and caboodle7am-7pm7pm-10pm10pm-7amVery reedy Workse.g. piling, blasting, demolition, concreting works, use of percussion tools e.g. pneumatic hammers, etcYesNoNoModerately Noisy Workse.g. erection/dismantling of formw ork, tying/fixing of steel bars, operation of cranes, loading/unloading of construction materials, etcYesYesNoQuiet Workse.g. house time laging, bricklaying, plastering, painting, etcYesYesYes2.2.4 Wastage fussWaste produced by industrial operations has to be concerned as superabundance levels bear down out the appreciation of utilize of environment born(p) resources while the environmental issue is in concern globally. Construction industry has contributes a major surplus to the overall depopulate volume among other industry operations one-yearly for majority of the country. Most of the party gnarly in the operation do not alert of that construction waste can happen at every stage of the activities. During the stage on construction site, most of the resources are being used, at that placefore the major waste level are low which it can be observed for initial stage (Teoh Su Ping et al, 2009).As Ekanayake Ofori (2000) said, Construction waste can be divided into trine majo r categories which are material, labour and machinery waste. However, material wastage is of more concern as more of the raw materials from which construction inputs are derived come from non-renewable resources.In short, waste anxiety stands critical step to mitigate the pollution to the environment as the construction industry has contributes a major waste to the overall waste levels among the other industry operation. This is because every construction project is unique and heterogeneous which it undergoes with many various materials, methods, machinery under such long in durations. In addition, these construction wastes can cause an excessive sum of wastages which most of the inputs are produced from non-renewable resources such as timbers, steel bars, cement and sand, system bricks, marble and gravel tiles and etc natural resources. Therefore, waste charge must be operated in order to minimize the massive wastages problems and pollute the environment.2.3 SummaryConstruction industry is full of challenges among the other production industry. This is because any of the pollution such as air, water, noise, waste problems and etc can be happened in the construction sites if ill-timed protection and prevention during every single stage of the construction. Therefore, these require split of effort in managing the conditions of the construction sites under a long period of construction time. However, some certified environmental guidance governance (EMS) with valuable process and procedure is useful in the protection of environmental quality. For example, worldwide certified ISO 140012004 as an EMS.Chapter 3 judgment and Principles of ISO 14001 as environmental circumspection formation (EMS)3.1 ingressThis chapter is to present the concept and principles of the ISO 14001 as an EMS in Malaysian Construction Organizations. The important information including the introduction, concepts, benefits, methods, issues, challenges of processes and procedures in terms of implementing the ISO 14001 as an EMS.3.2 Concept of ISO 14001ISO 14001 was first published in 1996 and specified with actual requirement for an environmental Management System (EMS). It applies to those environmental aspects which the organisation has control and over which it can be expected to have an influence. ISO 14001 is often seen as the corner gemstone standard of the ISO 14000 series. However, it is not besides the most well known, but is the only ISO 14000 standard against which it is on-goingly possible to be certified by an outdoor(a) certification authority. Having stated this, it does not itself state specific environmental carry oning out criteria.This standard is applicable to any organization that wishes toImplement, maintain and rectify an environmental management systemAssure itself of its conformity with its own stated environmental policy (those policy fealtys of course must be made)Demonstrate conformanceEnsure compliance with environmenta l laws and regulationsSeek certification of its environmental management system by an external third party organization generate a self-determination of conformance(ISO 14000/ ISO 14001 Environmental Management Guide, 1996)3.3 carrying out move of EMS ground on ISO 14001According to Sarkis (1998), who has listed down the five important stairs which showing the successful effectuation process of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) based on ISO 14001. The five important steps are shown as to a lower placeEnvironmental policy Firms must capture in a create verbally document their intentions and principles in relation to their environmental behaviour. This statement must show firms commitment to comply with environmental legislation, to prevent pollution and also to potentially reform their environmental surgical operation. It also must be accessible for the public. provision Firms have to identify controllable environmental aspects and determine which ones have monument al environmental impacts. These are the ones that firms should cling first. Then firms have to determine the judicial dimensions of these impacts (which will depend on the sector, the geographical situation) and, based on this information, they have to establish objectives and targets as well as the EMS to achieve them.slaying and operation it means the allocation of human, financial and physical resources for these issues. Managers have to cast the environmental responsibilities, provide the sui bow training to employees and also establish the intimate and external communication channels in order to spread the environmental commitment among all the sections in the organization and the stakeholders.Checking and corrective action It includes the quantity of environmental performance, the identification of deviations by comparing targets and results and the application of corrective actions when necessity. In order to be able to carry out these activities, firms must keep envir onmental records and have periodical size uping of the EMSs.Management review In order to guarantee the effectiveness and continuous improvement of the EMSs, managers have to review and get a feedback of all the policies, objectives and procedures.(Sarkis, J., 1998)At first, the organisations must comply with the environmental policies to prevent the environmental issues furthermore to improve their environmental performance. Then, the planning on controllable environmental aspects and impacts must be made in order to set up objectives and targets to be achieved by the organisations. Subsequently, experienced personnel have to apply the environmental management systems and hold back the environmental commitment has reached to every member in the organization as well as the stakeholders. Consequently, checking and corrective action must be taken which consists of environmental performance measures, comparison on divergence findings and rectifies actions. It would also required sche duled environmental records and periodical auditing of the EMS. Lastly, the management review step enables the managers to reassess and collect feedback related to the effectiveness and essential improvement required on the policies, objectives and procedures.In short, a good EMS consists of not only the general five important steps of implementation processes but also required good integration of communication and coordination channels in between the executive personnel, managers, staffs, labours and other stakeholders. This could be the most critical point which might directly influence the effectiveness and efficiency of EMS in the full organisations.3.4 Benefit of Implementing ISO 14001 in Construction OrganizationsAccording to Blackmores (2008) noted, there are three (3) main categories of benefits which are financial, operational or inner and external ranges as shown belowFinancialCost savings by minimise the waste and use of natural resources such as electricity, water, gas and fuels efficiently. station the environmental risks and addressing the weaknesses. Helps the organisation to prevent the fines and penalties by fit to meet the environmental legislation,Indicating go risk management to helps minimising the insurance costs.Operational/ inheringImprove the performance and efficiency in generalConstrict the production processes, minimise in the risk of incidents and produce break-dance efficiencyEliminate unforeseen and soundbox by controlling the disruption and wasteStaffs responsibility are refined clearlyInternal communications and morale improvedExternal persuade as innovative and forward thinking approachLead to better public perception of the organization and a competitive advantage, furthermore to improve sales opportunitiesLead to better community awareness of the impact of the construction activities on the local anaesthetic residents such as noise, smell, dust, vibration, etc.Demonstrate commitment to the environment and provide confi dence to the customers, trade partners, stakeholders, regulators and local authorityIn addition, the implementing of ISO 14001 gives a lot of benefits such as protection of the environment lessen operating costs increased access to markets demonstrated compliance with regulations improve environmental performance improved customer trust and satisfaction enhanced corporate image and credibility employee involvement and education and potential impact on world trade to admit competition on an follow basis (George Ofori et al, 2000).3.5 Environmental Management System (EMS) Do It Yourself (D.I.Y.) Schemes by CIDBEMS DIY Schemes is a part of the effective communication plan to be jointly kill by CIDB and Stakeholders, it was designed for given the significant importance of external accreditation which advance the construction companies to attain the ISO 140012004 certification. This scheme has two certifications which are ISO 14001 EMS certification and the CIDB EMS protection.How ever, there are 3 main objectives which to be achieved by the CIDB as listed belowProvide formal recognition of certified contractors on commitment to rightness environmental managementConvenient the employers of the contractors such as JKR, housing developers and local authorities to select certified contractors, who have practicing commitment to excellence environmental managementProvide CIDB with an index for monitoring and reporting the general environmental management awareness and practice of Malaysian contractors, as reflected in the annual number of contractors certified to the two EMS certification schemes.The overall aim of these schemes is to subsidize the Malaysian contractors with a cost-effective program in order to improve their performance up to a standardised level as well as in developed countries. Meanwhile, it also helps to assist the contractors to upgrade their environmental management performance throughout the EMS certification programs.At first, the contra ctor has to attend the EMS sentiency computer programme which consists of 3 module, such as staff AP1, AP2 and AP3 in order to choose whether CIDB EMS franchise Program or ISO 14001 EMS evidence Program. This allow the contractor to understand regarding Why, How and Benefits or Implementing Systematic Environmental Management forrader selecting either one of the EMS Programs by CIDB. Besides, an EMS sense reading Certificate will be issued by the CIDB to the participant after the completion of 3 training modules in the EMS Awareness Program. After that, it is a condition precedent to carry on either one of the two EMS D.I.Y. Programs by CIDB and 3 months will be given the participants to decide after completion of EMS Awareness Program. The chase table shows the EMS Awareness Program.Table Environmental Management System Awareness Program (CIDB, 2007)PhasePeriodMilestonesActivitiesAction byMan-day run onEnvironmental Awareness and Education2 calendar monthsTraining staff AP1Environmental Issues Malaysia Environmental PolicyIntroduction to CIDB- D.I.Y Scheme.Introduction to Global Environmental Problems and Management Issues.Introduction to Malaysian environmental management policies adviser1Training mental faculty AP2Introduction to ISO 14001 EMSIntroduction to ISO 140012004 EMS Standard and the Requirements.Strategic EMS writ of execution send off.Consultant1Training Module AP3Malaysia Environmental Legal Regulatory RequirementsAwareness of the current environmental sub judice and regulatory requirements in the Malaysian construction industryTo identify legal and other requirements and develop appropriate Legal registryConsultant1Total Man-day33.5.1 CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. ProgramCIDB EMS Certification Program is an EMS Program under CIDB EMS DIY Scheme which takes 6 months from Phase 1 to 4 as shown in the table below. However, the participant must undergo the EMS Awareness Program before undertake this program and it only allows the CID B registered contractors from phratry G1-G6. Conversely, Class G7 contractors are only permitted to participant for ISO 14001 EMS Certification. There are some conditions in implementation of the EMS required such as, the first year shall be for one on-going project, second year shall be for three on-going projects, third and later(prenominal) year shall be for all projects. Meanwhile, the name of all projects involved in the implementation of EMS shall be included in the CIDB EMS certificate and annual rehabilitation of the certificate is depend on the compliance satisfaction with the annual EMS audit requirements. The action plan of the CIDB EMS Certification Program is shown as belowTable CIDB EMS Certification Program Processes (CIDB, 2007)PhasePeriodMilestonesActivitiesAction byMan-day championshipEMS visualizening sustenance2 MonthsTraining Module CP1EMS PlanTraining to Introduce the EMS Plan (Content and carrying out Steps).Development of the EMS Plan.Consultant2 affir mer bodily functionPrepare EMS Plan declarers to elevate the EMS Plan Submit to Consultants for military rank. asseverator evaluation of EMS Plan0.5 MonthModule CP2 on-the-spot(prenominal) Evaluation of the EMS PlanOn-Site review the EMS Plan interview key staffs.Identify the EMS slaying Project (minimum 1 construction project).Suggest improvements. avower1Contractor ActivityTake corrective ActionBased on evaluation findings, contractor takes appropriate corrective action and amends the necessary documentation.Contractor implementation of EMS Plan2.5 MonthsContractor ActivityImplementing the EMS PlanContractor implements the EMS Plan (Office and minimum 1 construction project).ContractorModule CP3/CP4/CP5Consultancy Support on the EMS Plan ImplementationConsultant will visit the contractor monthly to provide on-site implementation advices and supports.Consultant3CIDB scrutinise1 MonthModule CP6CIDB EMS Certification examineCIDB Appointed attendant performs the EMS Certifica tion Audit.CIDB Appointed Auditor1Contractor ActivityTake strict ActionTake corrective actions to close out the non-conformance found in the Audit.Submit corrective action plan to Auditor.Contractor selectAward of CIDB EMS CertificationCertification Award after review of the corrective action plan.TOTAL MAN-DAYS7 DAYSRegistration slant and PaymentThe table below states the overall registration fees to be paid. The payments are separated into 2 stages upon the start of the respective phases. Meanwhile, the registration fees need to be paid upon the arrange 1 (EMS Awareness Program). However, these payments are excluded the accommodation and travel fees of the participants.Table CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. Program Fee and Payment (CIDB, 2007)CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. ProgramTotal Fee RM 8,500.00Payment in 2 StagesPhasesMain-DaysPayment by ContractorsEnvironmental Awareness Education3Stage 1EMS Planning and DocumentationEvaluation of EMS Plan3Stage 2Implementation of EMS PlanCIDB Audit31It also covers the followingAward of CIDB EMS Certificate3.5.2 ISO 14001 EMS Certificate D.I.Y. ProgramISO 14001 EMS Certification Program under CIDB EMS DIY Scheme is an EMS Program by CIDB. It takes 10 months to complete from Phase 1 to 6 and it is open to every contractors. Table below shows the ISO 14001 EMS Certification Processes.Table ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) Certification ProgramPhasePeriodMilestonesActivitiesAction byMan-day SupportEMS Appreciation0.5 MonthsTraining Module IP1ISO 14001 EMS briefing for Top Management demo to Top Management on the EMS Objectives, Benefits, Roles and Responsibilities.Consultant0.5EMS Planning2.5 MonthsTraining Module IP2Environmental Policy, Aspects Significant ImpactsTraining on methods to identify and develop Environmental Aspects Impacts.Decide Criteria and Methodology for Determining Significant Impacts.Consultant1.5Contractor ActivityPrepare Policy, Legal Environmental Aspects Register, Implementation Pla nContractor to pay off the Environmental Policy, Legal Registers and Environmental Aspects Impacts Register.Contractor to plan develop and implementation plan and milestones.ContractorModule IP3On-site Review Consultation on Policy, Legal Aspects RegisterAssessment of current EMS status against ISO 140012004 other legal requirements.Review the Implementation Plan Approach for the EMS implementationConsultant2Training Module IP 4Objectives, Targets, KPI EMPIntroduction to importance and formulation in establishing the objectives, targets, Key Performance Indication (KPI) and Environmental Management Program (EMP).Consultant1Contractor ActivityPrepare Objectives, Targets EMPContractor to prepare the environmental Objectives, Targets, KPI and EMP.ContractorModule IP5On-site Review Consultation on Objectives, Targets, KPI EMPConsultant to review and finalise the Objectives, Targets, KPI and EMP established.Consultant1Documentation EMS Implementation 12.5 MonthsModule IP6Off -site cookery of EMS Manual Procedures GuidelinesOff-site Preparation of Guidelines for EMS Manual Procedures specific to the contractors organisation.Consultant1Training Module IP7ISO 14001 EMS Documentation ImplementationIntroduce and develop the EMS documentation (Manual, Procedures) and implementation programme.Softcopies provided for the Environmental System operational procedures and forms.Consultant1Contractor ActivityEMS Documentation ImplementationContractor to prepare EMS Manual Procedures based on Consultants guidelines information provided. The guidebook formats provided on computer disk will be used.Initiate EMS Implementation Collect the initial data.ContractorModule IP8On-site Review get back the EMS Manual ProceduresOn-site Review Consultation on EMS Manual Procedures. indemnify the documents if necessary.Consultant1Stage 1 AuditDocumentation AuditThird Party Certification consistencys Auditor conducts Documentation Audit.Certification BodyContractor ActivityTake nonindulgent actionBased on audit findings, contractor takes appropriate corrective action and amends the necessary documentation.ContractorDocumentation EMS Implementation 21.5 MonthsContractor Activity go EMS implementationContinue implementing the procedures and programmes as planned e.g. Records, monitoring data, training etc. as per tasks outlined.ContractorModule IP9On-Site Consultation on Implementation ProgressOn-site supervise Consultation on Implementation of Procedures and EMP to ensure the implementation programmes are properly in place and utilised. Consultant to provide manpower on guidance.Contractor1Checking Management Review2 MonthsTraining Module IP10ISO 14001 EMS Internal Auditor TrainingConduct ISO 14001 EMS Internal Auditor Training to provide skills and knowledge on how to conduct internal audit and becoming a competent internal auditor.Consultant2Contractor ActivityConduct Internal Audit Take Corrective ActionsContractor to conduct intern al audit to identify gaps in the systems.Auditor to prepare internal audit report and issue corrective actions gather up if required.Responsible personnel to take appropriate corrective actions.ContractorModule IP11On-site Monitoring Consultation on Internal Audit and Corrective actions takenTo check and review EMS Implementation progress and provide hands on guidance.To close out the Corrective Action Requests.Consultant1Contractor ActivityConduct Management ReviewConduct Management Review to communicate and review EMS performance improvements plans.ContractorModule IP12On-site Consultation on EMS Implementation Site dexterityOn-site Monitoring Consultation on Management Review and EMP.Check site condition.Consultant1Contractor ActivityFinalise EMS and Ensure Site ReadinessContractor to finalise EMS and ensure Site Readiness.ContractorPre-Assessment1 MonthModule IP13On-site Pre-AssessmentPerform Pre-certification assessment to determine the conformity of the EMS implementatio n.Identify improvement opportunities and present pre-assessment audit