Key features of Spies in the opening chapter Essay Example for Free

Key features of Spies in the possibility chapter EssayThe key features of Spies are introduced and highlighted by the expenditure of different narrative techniques which occur by means ofout the fresh. One of the most important features in the novel is conundrum this is executed largely due to the incident that Stephen is not a reliable vote counter. His uncertainty means that we are not t anile the truth at times. This very aspect portrays Spies as a modern novel. By creating ambiguity at that place is no certainty or clarity in the plot, despite the narrator having lived through the story. This enables Frayn to rumourmonger on perception, an important theme in the novel.Childhood is also a vital aspect in this novel as it helps reviewers discover Stephens past and acknowledge the way in which he has grown up. It also assists readers in drawing differences between Stephen as a youth and an over-the-hill man narrator still more than it helps Frayn to comment on identi ty which is another key feature. Relationships are also signifi weight as they are every made or broken in Spies. Moreover the structure of the novel in itself is fundamental and acts as a key feature, largely because it composes suspense and helps introduce the key features.The initiation chapter is written in ii different trys the present in which we establish the effect the shade of a plant has on the narrator who is an old man, the past tense in which memories are introduced by the old man narrator and again the present tense as the old man narrator travels back in time and recounts slightly of those memories. Mystery is something which dirty dognot be explained or understood, and often leaves the reader confused. This is instantly accomplished in the very rootage sentence of the opening chapterThe third week of June, and there it is again the uniform about embarrassingly known breath of sweetness We are introduced to the novel in the present tense which draws the r eader in and acquaints them with the same knowledge as the narrator. June helps establish a time. Moreover it is an unknown factor which is introduced with the third person pronoun that helps create intrigue by giving it an importance. again argues that the narrator has formally been acquainted with this unknown factor only if is withholding this information from the reader.The use of a colon in the course credit allows readers a moment to expose and so the pace gathers suspense. It also acts as a qualifier as after the colon the it is disclosed, almost embarrassingly beaten(prenominal) breath of sweetness We are left to question why a familiar breath of sweetness is embarrassing. Frayn reveals that a aspect is the subject of the sentence, but in doing so he creates further intrigue. This however is subsequently revealed to be the smell of privet. The privet is a shrub and it is the smell of this shrub which conjures embarrassing memories.This is explored in Chapter Five o f the novel when we come across Stephen and Keiths fix in the privet Im too embarrassed to watch her You cant look at her face Theres nowhere left expect the bit in between and that bump of a lady, as Ive known for at least a year now, is her bosom This creates humour something which is conformable throughout Spies as Frayn describes Stephans naivety as a boor. It also solves the root of Stephens embarrassment. Mysteries continue to be feature in the opening chapter as a key feature which is subsequently developed in the novel. for a moment Im a child again and everythings before me all the frightening, half-understood promise of life. In this cite we find a time shift from the present to the past in which the first person narrator is an liberal reflecting upon his childhood. The key newss used within this quotation are frightening, half-understood, and promise of life. These words conjure a sense of negativity and leave the reader questioning why the smell is frightening and half understood.The word frightening introduces us to suspense, and leaves us to question the uncertainty of this intriguing smell. furthermore, frightening, half-understood promise of life, illustrates that the narrators upbringing was distorted, as a childs future, the promise of life is a positive reference, but Stephens recollection of his has prejudicial connotations. This is reflected in Chapter 9 where Stephen is face by Mr Hayward. I follow him across the street to the Haywards house, holding the basket with both hands, sick with apprehension. This quotation reinforces the fear felt by Stephen as a child. Sick suggests that Stephen is distressed. In addition apprehension illustrates the fact that Stephen is in fear and extremely terrified of Mr Haywards actions. The second separate of the opening Chapter continues in the present tense to allow us as readers to learn more about the intriguing smell. It draws the readers awareness to every degree and makes us want t o read on. It must come from the gardens. Which one? I can never pull back it. Frayns use of a question and the short sentence reflects the old man narrators confusion. I can never trace it, confirms the uncertainty and mystery over the smell as well as reflecting the narrators state of legal opinion of confusion and agitation. Frayn develops this theme of confusion and perception, throughout Spies. In Chapter Five Stephen does not know the meaning of x. What is the cling to of x, I struggle to calculate, over and over again through the farsighted confusions of the night Here it is unambiguous that Frayn is withholding information which intrigues the readers.The value of x is unclear this leaves it open to interpretation as x highlights mystery. To the readers x can emphasize numerous factors. This may include birthdays, anniversaries, bank associated dates and so forth. Returning to the second paragraph of the novel Frayn writes, Its not like the heartbreaking tender sweetn ess of the lime blossom The use of an oxymoron reinforces the old man narrators confusion as he tries to identify the source of the smell. This creates mystery and suspense. One critical rating of this is argued by Max Watman, in which he states,If we are not to benefit from the older mans perspective until the hold out dozen or so pages, why introduce him at the start? Max Watman, The New Criterion, (May 2002) I strongly disagree as without two narrative voices the difference between appearance and reality cannot be achieved. This creates mystery which ties in with the fact that Frayn often withholds information until the next paragraph or chapter to create anticipation. The old man narrator continues with, What is it, that terrible, disturbing presence in the summer air? The words, terrible and disturbing create an ominous tone. The narrator is giving it a physical representation by referring to it as a negative presence this gives it a nightmarish quality something which ha unts the narrator and which will inevitably haunt us. This reinforces the sense of mystery. The smell continuous to be described with negative imagery, Theres nothing clean about the stench The word reek suggests an unpleasant, powerful smell and creates a negative tone. Insinuating itself so slyly, Suggests that the smell is somewhat sneaky and creeps upon him unexpectedly.Its unmistakable that the smell is frustrating him furthermore the word insinuating suggests that it is reminding the old man narrator of unpleasant memories. The smell acts as a catalyst and prompts Stephen to remember Keiths mother, Shes sitting in the dust in front of me, weeping course unnoticed into the deepest recesses of my memory, to stay with me for the rest of my life, is that sweet and luring reek. The use of assonance among, seeping, deepest, weeping portrays to us the lingering teasing memories. The memory off the past is finished of negatively with the repetition of reek. The hard k sound at t he end makes it sound harsh. Childhood plays another key feature in the novel seen in the opening chapter where Frayn uses another oxymoron to present the contradiction of a, Far-off nearby land. One interpretation of this is that the narrator is physically unconnected from his home but nevertheless, it is nearby in his memories again this reflects the narrators confusion and agitation concerning the smell, as it reminds him of his childhood. You cant go back, everyone knows that So Im never going whence Im getting old. Frayn gradually reveals information concerning the narrators persona here we can establish that the narrator is an old man who should have a better understanding of his past then appears to be the case. The use of ellipses everyone knows that portrays that the narrator is hesitant about what he is going to do. Childish disbelief, in contrast, is to be expected as part of the process of outgrowth up, Keith? I query, trying not to sound as frightened as I am. W hat are you doing? Where are you? I climb reluctantly back through the hole in the fence. Reluctantly shows that Stephen is unwilling and not keen to climb back through the fence. This proves his hesitation and dependency on Keith and the fact that he doesnt want to pursue anything without him because he doesnt have the confidence to do so. The fact that the old man narrator seems to be equally hesitant creates suspense as the reader wonders what terrible events must have occurred in his childhood. Then the laughters gone I dont know what to do or what to say. Here again we witness the dilemma faced by the narrator as a child and his inability to deal with the complications set before him.By introducing the key feature of childhood in the opening chapter, we are able to witness how Stephen grows up as portrayed in Chapter Eight Do I feel alright? I have a sense of freedom, as if Im no longer retract by the rules and restrictions of childhood. This shows Stephen growing up and le nto moving away from depending on Keith. As part of growing up, comes the awakening sense of romance and sexuality Its name breathes itself through the perfumed air as slowly and softly as a sigh L a m o r n a The use of personification within this quotation of Chapter Eight helps portray the idea that La m o r n a is alive by giving it a long vowel sound as though it is breathing a type of human quality. This ultimately shows Stephens increase awareness of his senses which suggests his sexuality and him growing up. Identity in Spies is another key feature and ties in importantly with childhood. Firstly the identification of the smell is vitally significant. The fact that the narrators daughter identifies it as Liguster, which is the German name for the shrub, reveals more about the narrators identity Liguster No.And yet, as another wave of that shameless summons drifts over us, everything inside me stirs and sifts. The personification within this quotation illustrates a persiste nt sense demanding Stephens attention. Liguster The use of ellipsis shows the control that the smell has over him it stays with him and has settled on his conscience, Liguster And yet its whispering to me of some thing secret, of some mysterious and unsettling thing at the back of my mind, of something I dont quite like to think about This portrays the smell as devious.Liguster is a catalyst within Stephens memories it is the Liguster that makes him remember his childhood. The words dark and unsettling, are both very negative. They suggest the unknown and ooze a lack of understanding where Frayn is deliberately trying to block out this secret. Furthermore it leaves readers to question why Liguster is dark and unsettling. We wonder what awful event or events must have occurred. In addition, the quotation whispering to me is personification which reminds us of something surreptitious that is devious and cunning and suddenly creeps up on him.This can be linked to the key theme of perception, which is the difference between appearance and reality allowing insight on a matter. There was a German spy in the Close that summer. It wasnt his mother it was me. This quotation creates irony as throughout Spies, Stephen related German people to germs, as in Chapter ex Hes an old tramp, filthy and bearded. And hes a German His Germanness lingers in the air This reinforces his childhood and the immaturity attached to it whereas the quotation within Chapter Eleven reveals the real identity of the old man narrator this old man is Stefan Weitzler.