How Has Climate Change Effected Cambodia Environmental Sciences Essay

How Has humor Change Effected Cambodia Environmental Sciences EssayNowadays the human being has encountered abundance of challenges such as terrorism, transnational crimes, milieu fargons and weapon crapper destruction (WMD) proliferation. As a matter of fact, these issues de crush non be solved by one state in commit to overcome these problems, international cooperation and c been magnitude non-state force argon required. For me, the about anxiety and interesting challenge is environs issue especially humor veer over and planetary budge referable to two principal(prenominal) reasons.First, this issue is a contemporary issue that has stirred the knowledge base especially market-gardening base countries. As we populate, about 80 percents of Cambodia population argon farmers, and most of them still practice old conventional farming rather than using new engineering to assist them. Further more(prenominal), farmers commonly rely on pissing during rainy oce anson to provide pissing to their fields and harvest on dry season however, beca occasion of mood qualifying and globose change the issue occur when in that location is non generous urine in rainy season plus the irrigation system in Cambodia does not adequate to provide water to everywhere in the res publica as well, so approximately farmers laughingstocknot plant anything and end up with debt. Thus, this seek can show the forces on Cambodia as the agriculture establish plain.Second, I want to do a research plan on this issue in order to apply for scholarship to lead oversea when I graduate. By doing the research on this topic, I can know more about the grass root causes-effects, current solutions and obstacles of these issues.In conclusion, since this issue is beyond my netherstanding in some aspect, I allow for use this opportunity when I study the spheric governance course to crumble this topic, and I hope this individual reflection paper can touch knowledge to separate students as well.IRP outlineMC1 openingMC2 The causes of mood change and global warming MC3 The effects of modality change and global warming MC4 Responses and challengesMC5 Conclusion(Note this outline might be altered accord to the research)Topic Climate change, global warming and its effect on Cambodia as a nationmini Composition 1 Introduction planetary warming and Climate change provoke been the environmental issues facing humankind for such a long times, and these issues has attracted the international economic aid during the 1970s. Because these issues are quite a complex subject, cooperation in the midst of states and change magnitude cap expertness of the relevant non-state actors (NSAs) are solutions to deal with these issue. Over the foregone decades, leaders from states cedenegotiated to seek a comparative solution for all parties the institutional cloth provided by theUNFCC, the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, in 1992 and p lus the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, yet these slim frameworks do not afford much to alleviate the problems ascribable to realism ideas, lacking in mystical morality and uncertainty of states. Furthermore, its impacts are far beyond human ability to control and monitor. we shall argue in detail about the responses in Chapter4Global warming is a term used to describe a saturnine add-on in the farmings mean sur bet temperature relative to long-term comely conditions (those that prevail over centuries). In fact, the land humour changes over terminus however, in the late 19th century, the climate has changed considerably. Furthermore, it is difficult to distinguish the global warming and climate change since global warming results in climate change and the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, though climate change has a broader meaning and refers to changes in average climatic conditions (temperature, wind, rain, and other climatic variables) relative to their long-term ave rage. Both cancel and anthropogenic (human-caused) factors can causes global warming, but the overwhelming scientific consensus is that the add-on in global temperatures over the past century is primarily due to increase concentrations of kilobytehouse gases in the atmosphere.In conclusion, the global warming and climate change is a wide range of issues that need efforts from each actor in international relation. In the next chapter, we pull up stakes take a abstruse look to the causes of globalwarming and climate change.Mini Composition 2What are the causes of global warming and climate change?Many scientists design to determine preciously what key factors are behind the global warming and climate change, and they come up with different causes that are interrelated. We can tell apart causes into two categories increasing heart of Green house gases (GHGs) and urbanization. agree to sequence For Change organization report, almost 100% of the observed temperature is being cha nge magnitude over the last 50 course of studys has been due to the increase in the atmosphere of babys room gas concentrations like water vapor, light speed dioxide (CO2), methane, ozone and other gases. However, the largest contributing source of greenhousegases is the spark of century dioxide (CO2). GHGs in the atmosphere act like a mirror andFig. 1 the relative of the study human-produced greenhouse gases to current warmingSource www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/cause01.jspreflect back to the globe a part of the heat radiation, which would, otherwise, be lost to space. The higher the concentration of green house gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat push button is being reflected back to the mankind. Thus, what are the causes of increasing those gases? So far, the causes of variation of atmospheric greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide are human-made activities and internal disasters. in that respect are various kinds of human activ ities that increase the amount of CO2 such as burning fogey fuels, release of smoke by factories, overpopulation, clearing forests for victimisation (agriculture, industrialization or urbanization) and logging in the jungle. For instance, the emission of CO2into the environment principal(prenominal)(prenominal)ly from burning of fossil fuels (oil, gas, petrol, etc.) has beenincreased significantly over the past 50 social classs (see the graph below).Fig. 1 Carbon dioxide emissions in one million million million tons per year over the last 200 yearsSource http//www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/ public figureGlobal_Carbon_Emission_by_Type_png Another cause is urbanization. In order to transform lands from forest or natural tourbanization, industrialization or agriculture, policy makers often face trade-off between festering and environment. For example, in industrialized nations, they need fuel in fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gases in order to run their factories. nonetheless though, the leaders do know that it will cost the environment, they have no choice rather than extract natural resources inwardly their countries or other states. Moreover, small particles in the air (aerosols) may have warming or cooling effects, depending on their characteristics. Sulfate (SO4) aerosol, for example, is light-colored and reflects sunlight back into space. The cooling effect of volcanic aerosols from the Mt. Tambora eruption of 1815 caused North the Statess year without a summer in 1816. The other interesting cause is overpopulation. According to the US Census Bureaus Web site (1541 UTC (EST+5) Nov 04, 2010), the good turn of the great unwashed in the world is 6,879,418,535. When in that respect are more people, there will be more seems, and it will lead to more supplies. Thus, in order that factories can increase their productivities, they need more animation and natural resources. Moreover, some products affect the environment because they co ntain greenhouse gases. For instance, refrigerators andaerosols which contain chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) that causes damage to the ozone layer.Case studyIn this case study, we are going away to explore the causes that Cambodia contributes to the climate change and global warming. in that respect are lead main causes which are deforestation, urbanization and industrialization. First, Deforestation is a hidden causes and contentious in the international stage as well. Between 25 and 30 percent of the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere each year comes from deforestation. For instance, Cambodia, located in South East Asia, was accepted as a green country that consisted of rainforest (70% all over country) in 1970s. Unfortunately, Cambodia pop offs one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world, third to only Nigeria and Vietnam, according to a 2005 report conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The percentage of rainforest poisonous dramatically from over 70% in 1970 to just 3.1% in 2007. There are some reasons behind this disaster such as war, fragile governance, development, lands incentive for investments, agricultures, and so on. Second, the Cambodia organisation has initialed to urbanize the city due to overpopulation and reform. Even though, this development does alleviate and give benefit to this country, it overly affects the environment. For instance, when land is born-again from forests or nature to urban environments, the regional climate system is altered because urban environments are also islands of heat produced by industry, homes, automobiles, and asphalts absorption of solar energy. Last but not least, in Cambodia, the number of factories, located in the cities and countryside, also affect to the environment. The disposal of waste on land, in water and air damage the ecosystems and leak abundance of green house gases especially CO2. Thus, even though Cambodia is a tiny country in the world, it also mainly contributes to the climate change and global warming as well.In conclusion for this chapter, green house gases, that created by human-made activities and natural disasters, are the main causes of global warming and climate changes. In the next chapter, we will discuss detail about the effects of the global warming and climatechanges.Mini Composition 3What are the effects of global warming and climate change?Even thought global warming and climate change have many effects, these phenomena are interrelated, so to make ease for hit the books the effects, I will categorized in six main impacts (1) increasing the temperature on the earth (2) rising of sea levels (3) changing landscapes (4) increasing guess of drouth, fire, fodders and species extinction (5) increasing heat-related illness and disease and (6) economic looses.Increasing the temperature on the earth simply means the earth functions warmer and warmer, and this is not a new phenomenon, but due to global warming the temperature in the world has increased rapidly and upward. Because the amount of GHGs mainly CO2 increase dramatically in recent decades, Time For Change Organization makes a ejection that the temperature of the earth will be increased by 3o to 50 by the year 2050.As the world is heated, sea levels rise because warmer water takes up more room than colder water, a process known as thermal expansion1. Furthermore, the glaciers in the polar melt leads to raising sea levels. boost seas threaten to inundate low areas and islands, threaten dense coastal populations, whittle away shorelines, damage property and destroy ecosystems such as mangroves and wetlands that protect coasts against storms. A logical consideration is a 36-inch increase in sea levels would drench every city on the East Coast of the United States, from Miami to Boston. Moreover, sea level rise associated with climatechanges could displace tens of millions of people in low-lying areas especially in ontogeny countries. Inhabitants of some small island countries that rest only above the existing sea level are already abandoning their islands, some of the worlds first climate change refugees.Another effect is changing landscapes. We can divide it into two different issues land adulteration and desertification. Land degradation simply means soil quality is worsening. This phenomenon is a result of over-farming and unretentive land-use practice. On the other hand, desertification means the crops of deserts and sand areas. Each year according to the United Nations Environmental Program, an area of land about the sizing of Australia, approximately 31000 square miles, turns into dessert.Another study effect is increasing adventure of drought, fire, foods and species extinction. Climate change makes the circulation of water on, above and below the surface of the solid ground causing drought and floods to be more frequent, practiced and wide disseminate. In 2010, according t o Pakistani government data the floods directly affected about 20 million people, mostly bydestruction of property, livelihood and stem, with a finish toll of close to 2,000.2Due to the overpopulation, people need to increase the food productivities to meet the demand. Unfortunately, because of land degradation and desertification, most of the soils in the world reach poorer and it leads to food insecurity in the world. Moreover, According to The Nature Conservancy group, experts predict that quartern of Earths species will be decimal pointed for extinction by 2050 if the warming trend continues at its current rate. Not so long, the world already experiences some lessons. For example, in 1999, the death of the last Golden Toad in Central America marked the first documented species extinction driven byclimate change3.Another effect is increasing heat-related illness and disease. When the ozone layer becomes thinner, more amount of sun light will come to the earth. Consequently, people will chafe skin disease because of Ultraviolet. Moreover, Climate change may increase the spread of infectious diseases, because warmer temperatures let diseases carrying insects, animals and microbes to survive in areas where they were once thwarted by cold weather. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change may have caused more than150,000 deaths in the year 2000 alone, with an increase in deaths likely in the future.Last but not least, global warming prevail the preservation loose. Globally, serious change in weather (more serious hurricane, storm etc.) could cause billions of dollars in damage to property and infrastructure. Plus, declining crop productions due to prolonged drought and high temperatures, especially in Africa, could put hundreds of thousands of people at risk.Thus, the effects of global warming and climate change are varies and interrelated. After we have look by means of to the major effects of these phenomenon, then we shall a nalyze on the certain country, Cambodia.Case studyIn the prior chapter, we have examined the causes that Cambodia has contributed to the global warming and climate change. In this case study on the other hand, we shall prevail and analyze the impacts of global warming and climate change in this country. Cambodias temperature would increase up to 1.35 2.50C in 2100. Annual rainfall would increase between 3 and 35% from current condition lowland areas seem to be more affected than highland areas4. map of flood-prone communesMap of drought-prone communesSource WFP (2005)Floods and drought are recognized as one of the main contributors to poverty. In these pictures above, Cambodia is vulnerable to floods and droughts. High dependency on rain-fed farming makes agriculture sector oddly vulnerable.In Cambodia, the impact of climate change has become apparent, yet the public does not feel alert due to express knowledge and other. There are six implication suggestions on Cambodia.First, mean memory of economy loose. Floods caused 70% of production losses of rice, while drought 20% between 1998 and 2002, and the floods caused USD 205 milliondamage between 2000 and 20025. Second, According to Allison, he claims that Cambodiaseconomy is rated as one of the most vulnerable to impacts of climate change on fisheries. Third, if the sea level rises, it will affect areas near the sea. The research of ministry of whether shows that 1m rise can submerge 56% of Koh Kong City. Consequently, it will damage to infrastructure, agriculture, tourism, and livelihood. Fourth, as an agriculture country, when the food productivities decline, it leads to food insecurity in the country since Kampuchean highly depends on single crop and low processing condenser within the country. Firth, another effect is water quality degradation and sanitation. Finally, increase in water- related / tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue. The Ministry of the Environment estimates that under chang ing climatic conditions Cambodia may experience increasing incidences of malaria, up 16 percent from its current rate. Natural disasters have upset fragile ecosystems, which in turn have triggered other changes that have affected issues such as rising poverty and malnutrition in children.In conclusion, Cambodias weak social infrastructure will affect the poor, and it will be a heavy nixive for Cambodias next coevalss, who will have difficulty in bridging its ecological deficit. Thus, the government and all others relevant must come up with strong policies and turbulent action to combat climate change. In the next chapter, we shall examine the actions undertaken by international actors and Cambodia itself.Mini composition 4Responses and challenges of global warming and climate changeAfter severe suffer from these environmental issues, states have recognized that they are in troubles. Consequently, two key environmental conferences were held during the1990s, namely Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and Kyoto Environmental Summit in 1997.Held under UN auspices, the Rio Earth Summit brought together thousands of delegates and representatives from state actors and non state actors. According to Time reporter, Philip Elmer-Dewitt, published in Rich Vs Poor in 1992, the Earth Summit was the largest and most complex conference ever held- bigger than the momentous meetings at Versailles, Yalta, and Potsdam1. In this summit, 178 states signed two treaties, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Changes (UNFCC), address global warming issues and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), communicate to protect en riskinessed species and biodiversity. The UNFCC sets the basic objective to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Regarding this summit, the great success is that it gather many people from different part of the international community t hat had never assembled to discuss a particular issue. Moreover, Earth summit also elevated global consciousness about environmental issue however, throughout the Rio meeting, a conflict between environmental protection and economic development was notify because theinsistence of many Developing World states that feared that stronger wording might adversely affect their economies.Following the Rio Earth Summit, the Kyoto Environmental Summit in 1997, Japan, intend to address the global warming issue. Despite reduction in the emission of green house gases (GHGs) mandated by the Montreal Protocol and Rio summit agreements, states in the world still released too many of GHGs into the atmosphere, so the atmosphere remained at risk. This Kyoto communications protocol provided economic incentive for developing states to meet their targets through trade and strip down development mechanism, and urged for cooperation between developed and developing states over environmentally dismantle projects. Nevertheless, only seven out of 84 countries who signed the protocol formalise it in 1999 all of which were small islands or low lying states particularly concerned by global warming and submerging them however, the conflict between developing and developed states hasremained and it needs to be sort out through trust cooperation and mutual interests.ResponsesFrom these two summits, there are three suggested solutions carbon management, creating market incentive and alternative energies.Among GHGs, carbon dioxide is the dangerous chemical core that is the major cause of global warming and climate change. Since the industrialization era, the demand of fossil fuel has increased dramatically, so oil production become inelastic. In order to cope with the carbon budgets, we do need to face head-on six importance activities, (1) slow or stop deforestation, (2) slash emissions from electricity production, (3) reduce emissions from automobiles, (4) nifty up industrial processe s in a few major sectors, (5) economize on electricity use through more efficient motors, appliances, lighting, insulation and other electrical demands (6) convert point-source based systems powered by low-emission electricity. Considering the challenges of reducing emissions from the electricity generation are complicated, there are three major avenues to reduced emissions from the power sectors greater readiness in the use of electricity, a greater proportion of electricity generation with non-fossil fuel sources of energy and special engineering processes to capture the carbon dioxide from fossil fuel electricity plants and to store it by using a technology called carboncapture and sequestration (CCS) 1.The Kyoto protocol has accomplished one major advance the start of a market price on carbon emissions, in the form of tradable carbon permits, albeit only in Europe. This strategy more or less provides incentive to the emitters to limit carbon emission from their factories. Furth ermore, there is an urgent need to increase funding for climate science in the poorest countries to help those countries understand how adapt to the climate change, and science also call for to enable those countries to participate effectively in global mitigation efforts by reducing the rate of deforestation and by ad extract low-carbon energy strategies in the course of economic development.Last but not least, we can expect non-fossil energy sources to provide a good and growing fraction of the worlds energy add. While fossil fuels will predominate for some decades more, in the perennial term non-fossil alternatives are likely to come to preeminence. Wind, hydroelectricity, ocean waves, bio-fuel, geothermal and atomic energy will be more favored although each of these is restrain by topical anesthetic condition and not applicable as global solutions. Due to popularity and profits, states attempt to gain the nuclear energy, but it can pose threat to the localized and internat ionalized because of nuclear radiation and nuclearweapon.Prepared by SAY VORTANA 2 email emailprotectedChallengesFrom my perspective, there are two main challenges executing and the unfairness between developed and developing states.The problem is not the framework or purpose but implementations. The Kyoto protocol commitments were very little (only 5 percent reduction) and short term until2012, and it shows the cooperation of the world on a carbon management trajectory. Even so this treaty is considered as disaster when the U.S did not ratify this protocol in fear of economic development impacts. The US, far and away the biggest contributor to GHGs, indignantly telling poor countries sort the consequences in famines, droughts, increased malaria transmission and more that the United States will not even start on emissions control, so how can other states attend and ratify this treaty?Another important but controversial challenges is the inequity between developed and developin g states. Development and environmental protection are dilemma for decision makers of individual states developing countries who try to develop their countries are inevitable to exploit their natural resources, so when developed states who enjoyed their economic growth in the past decades tell developing states to stop exploit their natural resources, it is injustice. For example, when the US and Europe tell Brazil to stop deforestation art investment, and similarly China was criticized for air pollution.In conclusion, as long as there is no strong support from super power P5 (security council) the southeast and north cannot reach mutual interests (efficiency and equity) plus trust each other, the global warming and climate change still remain unsure when will it can be sort out.Case studyWhat are the workable solution for Cambodia to overcome global warming and climate change? There are three potential solutions low carbon economy/ erect economy efficiency, carbon finance and heighten environment awareness.Cambodias government can improve and examine seven factors Energy supply improved supply and distribution efficiency, Renewable sources, security and access Transport Hybrid vehicles, emission standards, bio fuels, Public transport, non- motorized transport Buildings passive and active solar coordinated buildings, improved insulation Industry Upgrading of factories, processing lines / schemes etc.Prepared by SAY VORTANA 3 email emailprotected Agriculture improved agricultural practices bollocks up management landfill methane recovery waste to energy compostingrecycling and waste minimisation Forestry Reforestation forest management reduced deforestationFor carbon finance Cambodia can enjoy with the extra paid by using clean development mechanism (CDM). According to UNDP based in Cambodia, a local power generator, Samrong Thom Methane-fired Power Generation reduce total GHG emission for 7 years 47,544 tCO2e this generator can get total income at $15/tCO2e US$ 713,160 from carbon finance2, so government should encourage this kind of investment in Cambodia.Invest in Biogas Digester (source UNDP)Another solution is to promote environment awareness for Cambodian. The bottom- up strategy also provides a better option to overcome this issue. The government can work effectively with other Non-government organizations (NGOs) by providing environment education in the public school and local communities.In short, besides protecting environment, Cambodia can enjoy low carbon economy through carbon finance furthermore, the bottom-up strategy can promote environment issue awareness in Cambodia. In the last chapter of this paper, we will wrap up and provide brief conclusion.Mini composition 5ConclusionGlobal warming and climate change are transnational issues that pose great challenges to the global governance. Nations has suffered severe disaster such as flood, hurricane, serious earthquake, drought and so on recently, and it would be great danger in the future if global warming and climate change are not sorted out effectively. Despite of cooperation between states through earth summit and Kyoto protocol, the issues remain widespread from day to day. Who will be trustworthy? Developed states or developing states? The controversial stances between developed countries and developing countries remain exists and pose a big challenge for Kyoto protocol. Furthermore, the decision maker, leader, head of states are inevitable face dilemma between development and environmental protection.For Cambodia, Cambodia contributes little to climate change but almost all the provinces in Cambodia are vulnerable to climate change due to their low adjustive capacity and dependence on climate-sensitive livelihoods. Moreover, climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts and windstorms as well as coastal inundation due to sea-level rise. Responding to climate ch ange should start by linking efforts to reduce vulnerability to present climate-related disasters with those aimed at building longer-term resilience to climate change. Low carbon economy/ promote economy efficiency, carbon finance and promote environment awareness are the factors that will be alleviate and assist Cambodian through opalescent future in the next generation.For both international and national level, implementation and commitment from the government or head of state is compulsory to fasten the sustainable growth with the greeneconomy policy.