Aristotle and Plato Essay Example for Free

Aristotle and Plato Essay One of the greatest philosophers of all time was a man named Aristotle, the ancient greek philosopher. He was practically influenced every area of conceptual modern thinking. His mind set was in terms of materialism, which he essentially viewed substance on Earth before ideas and qualities. He genuinely believed in the notion of analyzing compounds and characteristics of people and their actions. Aristotle, who was a student of Plato, believed in â€Å"virtue of character and thought†, which means that virtue results from teaching, experience, and habits rather than Platos idealism notions of ideas and qualities (pg. 265-266). He believed that peoples noble actions would lead to virtue and that all things in life had an end. That all ends must result in something good, an example would be an acorn, the end of an acorn would be an acorn tree. Aristotle believed that it was inevitable for humans to obtain happiness over a course of time and that this was the end for a human being. He believed that in order to be virtuous, one must first avoid temperance and deficiency. Aristotle also claims that justice can mean both lawfulness and fairness or injustice can mean unlawfulness and unfairness. His notion was that the law encouraged people to pursue virtue, therefore, the lawful person would result to being virtuous. In essence, he claims that people who pursue virtue will be just and those who do not pursue virtue will be unjust. He believed that sensory perceptions in the human soul are reflections of objects, and thoughts in consciousness are based on what we have already seen. Plato believed that the average person could not see the truth, therefore, the noble lie was essential to get people to pursue their natural form or task. A simple ascetic city with the notion of everyone having natural abilities to do a certain job was justice for Plato. In contrast, Aristotle, did not believe that humans had access to these perfect forms in their minds as a way to reach justice and the perfect city. He argues that justice is a complete virtue when exercising virtue in relation to others and that it requires intellectual virtue. That a virtuous person should pursue the most pleasant and happy life, which is the philosophical life of contemplation and speculation. The highest good for Aristotle is the end of a human, which is gained through virtuous action over their course of a life time. In order to live a life of virtue according to Aristotle, one must find the mean or good actions, which finding the mean is virtuous actions. By exercising virtue in relations to others is a good thing that will lead to a virtuous happy life and this will inevitably lead to an end of a human being, which is happiness. He was not a hedonist, his highest good reflected on reason, virtue, and experience that gains practical wisdom and that people learn from mistakes. This notion of a human gaining happiness by living a virtuous life reflects on his notion of a content society. Aristotles perception of justice was similar to Platos in the way that virtue related to both temperance and courage, but in all other aspects they were completely in contrast. Virtue consisted of habits and making right choices for the individual to be just, according to Aristotle. Virtue of temperance and courage causes people to be in a â€Å"good state† and to perform their â€Å"functions† well (pg. 269). Therefore, in order to acquire justice in Aristotles perception, virtue would have to take place within the individuals state of character and reason for the whole in order to pursue virtue. Equality being about justice and exercising freedom was permissible according to Aristotle. He was really about diversity, but not a feminist, he clearly reduced the womens roles in society, which was normal due to an era of sexism. There where three forms of happiness according to Aristotle- a life of pleasure and enjoyment, a life of free and responsibility, and a life as a thinker and philosopher. He rejected the imbalance of these premises and it was essential in human relationships. Therefore, finding the mean and his example of not to be cowardly or impulsive, but courageous. Aristotle believed in the mixture of constitutions, which means that if you mix â€Å"oligarchy† and â€Å"democracy†, which would be essentially â€Å"polity†; bringing a large middle class, then there can be more equality and justice among the citizens (pg. 403). He described democracy as a form of government that would overthrow the rich. Therefore, where the poor are predominant, there will be democracy. Hes implying that there is a better way; modern way to conduct a government where the people are not ruled by a monarch or tyranny. This means that if you rely on one type of constitution, then it would inevitably lead to depravity by changing into a bad constitution. An example would be if monarchy was established, then it would lead to tyranny or aristocracy to oligarchy. Aristotles notion was that in order to have equality, then a mixture of constitutions was necessary for justice. He he elaborates on constitutions, he is indicating the system of government that should be established. This relates to virtue because in order to be virtuous depravity must be impermissible and having a mixture of constitutions brings a balance to good. He advocates on having a massive middle class would be essential in order to have a balance of equality and fairness. He supports on having this large middle class because it will genuinely bring a balance in society and impact on politics according to Aristotle. The virtue of justice belongs to the city, a self-determination of what is just. He advocates on the art of acquisition; that wealth should have a limit. He does not seem to like people who are upset with moneymaking. He emphasized on that a democracy was essentially the worse type of government; just as a tyranny. If there is no large middle class, then democracy denounces to rule by the poor and Aristotle believed that it should be the rule of everyone or the many. Therefore, the mixture of democracy and oligarchy was essential to Aristotle for the sake of polity. Being a just person can lead to a life of virtue, which is acquired by noble actions and experience, in contrast with Platos ideology of perfect forms in the human mind being to abstract and delusional. However, Aristotles notion is to pursue a virtuous life by making right choices and learning from mistakes, which is very good because human beings are not perfect. Happiness would be considered the end of a human being and its acquired by virtue according to Aristotle and making choices on whether to be or not to be a just person. His perspective revolved around people living in communities or political communities and that politics was a characteristic for the well-being. He also incorporated public education being the means of a community and through the development of practical wisdom because he wanted people to learn from their mistakes, stating that there is no perfect idea of a society. When an individual acquired happiness, which was the highest good over their course of life, it was done by pursuing virtue and noble actions. Therefore, Aristotles theory involves a fair political view where there is a higher class, lower class, but more importantly, a massive middle class where everyone must participate in politics. In accordance to Aristotles and its success can be determined by the happiness of the citizens. Where each citizen has acquired the point of where they derive in moderation and are capable of distinguishing the means and the extremes and the good of society. He criticized Sparta on their austere culture and the citizen structure of a military society because he genuinely believed that it was not a content community. He did not lack humane values and he emphasized on how people should exercise virtue in relations to others. In essence, Aristotles theory offers a well established broad and fair view of a justice for a society and politics.

Relationship Between a Conductors Length and Wire

Relationship Between a Conductors Length and Wire Electricity has become very useful and has changed everyones life since the day it was discovered. What is Conductivity? What is Resistance? What is the best conductor of electricity? What is Nichrome Wire? There are many factors that influence the electrical resistance in wires, going through a current in circuits. The length of the wire and the cross-sectional area are two very important variables. The flow of charge through wires is often compared to the flow of water through pipes. The resistance to the flow of charge in an electric circuit is analogous to the frictional effects between water and the pipe surfaces as well as the resistance offered by obstacles that are present in its path (The Physics classroom,2016) The total length of the wires will affect the amount of resistance. The longer the wire, the more resistance that there will be. There is a direct relationship between the amount of resistance encountered by charge and the length of wire it must traverse. After all, if resistance occurs as the result of collisions between charge carriers and the atoms of the wire, then there is likely to be more collisions in a longer wire. More collisions mean more resistance. The cross-sectional area of the wires will affect the amount of resistance. Wider wires have a greater cross-sectional area. Water will flow through a wider pipe at a higher rate than it will flow through a narrow pipe. This can be attributed to the lower amount of resistance that is present in the wider pipe. (The Physics classroom,2016) In the same manner, the wider the wire, the less resistance that there will be to the flow of electric charge. When all other variables are the same, charge will flow at higher rates through wider wires with greater cross-sectional areas than through thinner wires.[AR3] Another formula that will be used is the resistance formula which will   Ã‚   (Physicsclassroom, 2016) To work out the cross-sectional area of the wire, the formula The wire that will be used in the experiment is nichrome 30 wire which has a radius of 0.000125m and also nichrome 22 wire, with a radius of 0.0346mm [AR4](3.46e-5m) Ohms law deals with the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy. For example, if you have a simple circuit with a battery powering a lamp, the electrons will move from the negative side of the battery, through the lamp and then to the positive side. The voltage or the difference in electrical potential energy, between the positive and negative ends of the battery would be the amount labelled on the battery because the charge was used to move the electron around the circuit. A good analogy for voltage is a waterfall. The water at the top of the waterfall is similar to the negatively charged electrons and the water at the bottom of fall is similar to the discharged electrons. As the water flows from the top of the fall to the bottom it loses all of it gravitational potential energy just like the electrons losing their charge when they travel around the circuit. Current is the total amount of charge passing through a conductor over a period of time. The water analogy for current would be how fast the water is flowing or how much water is passing through a bit of river over a period of time. [AR5](Crash Course, 2016) Ohms law can be summarised with (Hyperphysics, 2016) Since the results of the experiment will be recorded using a voltmeter and ammeter, the resistance will have to be calculated using ohms law re-arranged   Ã‚   (Hyperphysics, 2016) Resistivity P (Ohm M) = and a resistivity coefficient 1.1010-6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦m to 1.5010-6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦m at 20 °C so this figure will be used in the resistance formula [AR6](Elert, 2016)   Change of conductor length [AR7] 4.481[AR8] Change of conductor cross sectional area R= 3.00 R= 6.00 Lengths of conductor Resistance wire area of Resistance wire area of 3.46e-5m 0.2 4.481 3.000 0.4 8.964 6.000 0.6 13.44 9.011 0.8 17.92 12.015 1 22.4 15.019 This process was repeated for all figures/ conductor cross sectional area and the following graph and tables gives the result[AR9] Figure 1 The graph above shows the resistance when the wire cross sectional area is at 3.46e-5m, while the length of the wire/ conductor changes The above research prompts the following hypothesis: If the length of an electrical conductor increases, then the conductors resistance will increase[AR10], if the cross-sectional area increases, then the resistance will increase because resistance occurs due to charge carriers and the atoms of the wire colliding, longer wire, more collisions[AR11][AR12]. Equipment was gathered which included a voltmeter, ammeter, 12v power supply and nichrome wire were all joined together to making a complete circuit[AR14]. Alligator clip leads helped to complete the circuit. Pliers were used to straighten and scissors to cut the wire. 0.20m of nichrome wire was put into the circuit and was taped to the metre ruler to keep the wire as straight as possible so the length can be measured as accurate as possible. The length of varied, the wire went up by 0.20m intervals all the way up too 1.20m, starting from 0.20 Figure 3: Self Drawn, Word [AR15] The voltmeter was in parallel to the exposed nichrome wire because it measured the energy difference between two points. If it was connected in series it would barley measure anything because the energy difference would be so insignificant. The ammeter measured the current passing through the wire. If it was connected in parallel, it would not be measuring the current through the nichrome wire. A light bulb was used to consume the energy to avoid a short circuit[AR16]. The independent variable was the length of the exposed nichrome wire. The dependent variable was the electrical resistance of the wire. The controlled variables included wire thickness, material, temperature, as these are all known variables that effect resistance, same equipment because small differences in calibration will affect their readings, same people doing the same jobs so that everything thing is done in the same way each time, same circuit/configuration as to not produce inconsistencies. This experiment was hazardous, injury was avoided as precautions were taken. All sharp objects such as scissors and pliers were used with caution to avoid cuts and pinches. Eye protection was used when cutting to avoid pieces of wire flying into eyes. Electrocution was avoided by having dry hands and only modifying the circuit when the power supply was off.[AR17] To find Resistance This Formula above was used to find the Resistance Resistance[AR19] coefficent @ 1.1010-6m wire area of 3.46e-5m Wire Length (m) Current Trial 1 (A) Current Trial 2 (A) Current Trial 3[AR20] (A) Average Current Voltage Trial 1 (V) Voltage Trial 2 (V) Voltage Trial 3 (V) Average Voltage (V) Average Resistance(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) 0.00 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0880 0.025 0.032 0.028 0.028 0.318 0.20 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.0875 0.276 0.272 0.264 0.270 3.068 0.40 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.0875 0.523 0.518 0.526 0.523 5.943 0.60 0.088 0.088 0.089 0.0885 0.775 0.772 0.762 0.770 8.75 0.80 0.087 0.084 0.083 0.0855 0.960 0.920 0.950 0.943 10.71 1.00 0.088 0.086 0.087 0.0860 1.120 1.122 1.120 1.120 12.72 1.20 0.088 0.089 0.088 0.0885 1.450 1.450 1.450 1.450 16.47 Resistance coefficent @ 1.1010-6 ¦m @ wire area of Wire Length (m) Current Trial 1 (A) Current Trial 2 (A) Current Trial 3 (A) Average Current Voltage Trial 1 (V) Voltage Trial 2 (V) Voltage Trial 3 (V) Average Voltage (V) Average Resistance(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) 0.00 0.088 0.080 0.088 0.0850 0.050 0.056 0.054 0.055 0.625 0.20 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0880 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 3.863 0.40 0.089 0.088 0.088 0.0885 0.599 0.659 0.659 0.659 7.488 0.60 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0880 0.860 0.910 0.910 0.910 10.34 0.80 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.0875 1.134 1.234 1.233 1.233 14.01 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0880 1.340 1.642 1.642 1.642 20.52 1.20 0.088 0.089 0.088 0.0885 1.601 1.601 1.601 1.601 26.008 From the results It is nearly impossible to get perfect results as the independent are not able to be controlled. [AR22] When the wire was at 0.20m, the resistance was 3.865 ÃŽÂ © and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 3.068 ÃŽÂ © Knowing that per the original hypothesis that the wider the cross sectional, less resistance. So, when the wire was at 0.20m, it agrees with the hypothesis. Comparing the theoretical data to the actual results when the wire was 3.46e-5m were surprisingly close. Knowing that the result was 3.068 ÃŽÂ © and the theoretical data was 3.00 ÃŽÂ ©.[AR23] When the wire was at 0.40m, the resistance was 7.488 ÃŽÂ © and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 5.943 ÃŽÂ ©. Again, agreeing with the hypothesis. The theoretical data was also close the actual result. If the length of an electrical conductor increases, then the conductors resistance will increase was stated in my hypothesis and was supported by the results as the length increased to 0.40m and the end result of the resistance was increased from 3.865 to 7.488 When the wire was at 0.60m, the resistance was 10.34 and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 8.75 When the wire was at 0.80m, the resistance was 14.01 and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 10.71 When the wire was at 1.00m, the resistance was 20.52 and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 12.72 When the wire was at 1.20m, the resistance was 26.008 and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 16.47[AR24] There are many possible errors with this experiment Parallax view is the difference of where the objects apparent positioning is, changing due to the change in viewing angle. This may have caused a problem as the ammeter and voltmeter both have needled in front of the scale/numbers. To get the correct numbers while using both these measuring instruments, it was a necessity to read the numbers perpendicular to both the ammeter and voltmeter. The makers of both of these instruments have thought of this and there will often will be a reflective strip below the scale so that the user can line up the real pointer with the pointer reflection so they know that their eye is perpendicular to the surface. Another simpler solution would be to use digital devices that tell you the exact number, leaving out the ability for human error. Whenever a conductor has a current flowing through it, the resistance will generate heat, which then makes the conductor more resistive. In a conductor like nichrome, used in heating elements because of its high resistivity, it takes longer for it to heat up and to reach a resistance that is stable. If the resistance was measured when it wasnt stable, then you would receive results that were lower than the actual value. The obvious solution to this is to wait a little bit after the power supply is turned on so the wire has time to heat up or to use a thermometer to make sure that the wire is the same temperature. [AR26](Electrical4u.com, 2016) Another error was the length of the wire. Even though the wire was as straight as possible when put into the circuit, there were still slight bends in the nichrome wire making slightly longer than the actually measurement. This would affect the results as instead of the wire being exactly 0.80m; it might be 0.83m, which would be enough to change the resistance total. Another error that I was faced with is, If a wire is bent past its minimum bend radius, the cross-sectional area of the damaged section will be smaller. Because a bent wire has a smaller cross sectional area, its resistance will increase. This applies to the experiment in terms of wire degradation and wire handling. The wires need to be of a consistent cross sectional area, otherwise, the results will inaccurate.[AR27] [AR28] References   Ã‚   Physicsclassroom.com. (2016). Ohms Law. [online] Available at: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-3/Ohm-s-Law (Accessed 5 Mar 17). Physicsclassroom.com. (2016). Resistance. [online] Available at: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-3/Resistance (Accessed 5 Mar 17). Pic Wire Cable. (2016). Cable Bend Radius | Coaxial Cable Bend Radius | Triaxial Cable Bend Radius. [online] Available at: http://www.picwire.com/technical/bend_radius.php [Accessed 14 Nov. 2016].at: http://www.picwire.com/technical/bend_radius.php (Accessed 5 Mar 17). Crash Course, (2016). Electric Current: Crash Course Physics #28. [image] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXOok3mfMLMlist=PL8dPuuaLjXtN0ge7yDk_UA0ldZJdhwkoVindex=28 (Accessed 5 Mar 17). Electrical4u.com. (2016). Joules Law of Heating | Electrical4u. [online] Available at: http://www.electrical4u.com/joules-law/ (Accessed 5 Mar 17). [AR1]Put more detail into your abstract. See the document online titled Deadly EEI. They have a whole section abstracts: An abstract is a paragraph, that if read by itself, summarises the project in the least possible words (usually 100 200). It should include the aim, principles/techniques employed and a very brief statement of your results and conclusions. The criteria used will be: The abstract is a clear, concise, accurate representation of the project, linking the main ideas together well without added interpretation or criticism, misunderstandings or unnecessary details. 1.Begin with a topic sentence that is the major thesis (the Aim). 2.Purpose: state the research question and hypotheses 2.Method: the design 3.Results: concisely 4.Conclusions: implications of results. Can be recommendations, evaluations, applications, suggestions, new relationships, and hypotheses accepted or rejected. 5.Other information incidental findings to the main purpose of the document but must not distract attention from main theme. [AR2]Clearly presented. Well chosen subjects. Need more variety of communication methods. Eg tables, graphs, images, diagrams, to support explanation. [AR3]You should discuss the formulae that links the variables for length and cross-sectional area here so your preliminary calculations make better sense. [AR4]How do you calculate area? [AR5]Good analogies. Again, use diagrams to support this. [AR6]= and? [AR7]Make sure you explain whats happening, why this data was chosen, etc. [AR8]Your table isnt clearly labelled. If this is the resistivity of the wire, state as much in the table. Why did you label it as the resistance coefficient? [AR9]This is just the same table. [AR10]Describe the relationship here. Logarithmic? Linear? [AR11]This part just refers to length, not resistance. [AR12]Probably worth a C for your hypothsis. You can increase that by addressing the above points. [AR13]These elements of your method are good, but its incomplete. You never said where you varied the length of the wire, for instance. [AR14]Ensure you have someone proof read your draft before you submit it to pick up grammatical errors and run-on sentences. [AR15]Good use of diagram. [AR16]Good explanation of equipment used. [AR17]Safety issues in detail. Good [AR18]Youll need to graph your results and put it beside your theoretical data for comparison in order to achieve the highest grade here. [AR19]Extensive results. Good. [AR20]This table is missing average current [AR21]Youre just stating the results of the experiment. You should be exploring patterns and trends as well as anomalies. Ie as the diameter increasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or as the length increasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Without this, you may not pass this section. [AR22]Didnt you control them? [AR23]Include units for resistance here. Cut and paste this one: ÃŽÂ © [AR24]Wheres your conclusion? [AR25]This is decent. Probably a C. Remember to suggest what can be explored from here eg. A modified hypothesis. [AR26]Did you not do this? [AR27]Good. [AR28]Put this near the relevant section [AR29].Bibliography. Your list and formatting is sufficient for a B. Summary: Ryan, you can improve your grade with the following: Remove plagiarism. Rewrite in your own words. Include more diagrams in the introduction. Explain what youre doing more thoroughly in the preliminary calculations. Reword your hypothesis more accurately. Finish your method. Add graphs to your results section. Analyse and discuss trends in your discussion/conclusion. Include a conclusion that links to the hypothesis. Plus anything else Ive missed up there. Without knowing how much youve cut and pasted from other sources its impossible to tell a grade, but Im estimating between a C and a D. Its possible to improve what you have here up to about a B. Godspeed.

Breaking Down Barriers with Positive Feedback Essay -- Education Feedb

Breaking Down Barriers with Positive Feedback Each one of you is faced with the challenge of giving feedback each day. Whether it is on a stimulating topic in class or something as simple as telling a friend whether or not you like the outfit that they have on, giving feedback is something that everyone has had experience with. However trivial this process may seem, it is imperative that one understands its importance. This semester I took a course called En101, or College Writing. In this class we are required to give feedback on essays and articles. Giving negative feedback is often easier than giving positive feedback. In fact, most people would probably admit that giving positive feedback is very difficult for them. The same things applies in my College Writing class. Most students find that the most difficult thing to do in this class is to give feedback without saying something negative. However, we all have to learn how to give positive feedback, or be prepared to face the consequences. For instance, imagine what woul d happen if your best friend asked you whether or not he had a good chance of dating a girl that you know. If you laugh in his face, he may never speak to you again, and if he is really sensitive and truly values your opinion, he may never date again. Okay, so this example may seem a little extreme, but have you ever sat down and really considered the effect that your words may have on someone? Perhaps now is the time to do so. If you are someone that has no idea how feedback can truly affect a single person's ideas or feelings, I invite you to sit in on my eight o'clock morning class for College Writing. As the students shuffle in, half asleep, a few nervous classmates sit quietly at their desk... ...sten to you. Once you begin with a negative comment, it is difficult to repair the damage. It is even more difficult for the people that have gone through life not really understanding how to give feedback correctly. However, maybe these people can surprise everyone by learning how to give positive feedback. It is amazing how much a nice comment can mean to someone, especially authors. After all, authors are very sensitive people. They have worked hard on creating their paper, and generally do not like to hear negative things about it. However, when you phrase your comments just right and create a positive atmosphere, you will be surprised at the difference. So as you move on to read another essay or go meet a friend consider the power of your words. And if your friend really has no chance in dating that girl, find a better way to say that than laughing in his face.

Obesity in Ameirca :: Overweight Obese essays

Did you know that 20% of Idaho’s population is obese? According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) approximately 127 million adults in the U.S. are overweight, 60 million adults are obese, and 9 million adults are severely obese. One-third of the American adult population is affected by obesity each year and is increasing. â€Å"The definition of obesity varies depending on what one reads, but in general, it is a chronic condition defined by an excess amount of body fat. A certain amount of body fat is necessary for storing energy, heat insulation, shock absorption, and other functions. The normal amount of body fat (expressed as percentage of body fat) is between 25-30% in women and 18-23% in men. Women with over 30% body fat and men with over 25% body fat are considered obese.†# Obesity is the second leading preventable disease in the U.S.. We chose this topic because as athletes representing Lewis Clark State College we think it is important to li ve a healthy life style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are you obese? This is a question that can be solved by a calculation. Divide your weight, in kilograms, by the square of your height, in meters. Calculating BMI # Top of Form 1 [Weight (lbs)ï ¿ ¼ à · height (in)2 ï ¿ ¼] x 704.5 =ï ¿ ¼BMI Bottom of Form 1 This is called your BMI (Body Mass Index). If the ratio is roughly 27 or more you are considered obese, but if the ratio is 40 or more you are considered severely obese. Other methods of finding out if you are obese is by your waist circumference, blood tests, or skin-fold measures. There aren’t any specific symptoms, but with obesity there are major health problems that contribute to the disease. Some risks from obesity are arteriosclerosis, sleep apnea, skin disorders, gallstones, type two diabetes, cancer (prostate, breast, uterus, colon, and gallbladder) arthritis, and depression. These risk factors will have a higher probability on an obese or overweight person with one or more of these health-related problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obesity has been seen in America since the 1960’s, but now it has become a health concern. The CDC reported that in 2005 obesity would reach a 500,000 death toll , over taking smoking as the leading cause of death if the trend continued in 2004 of 400,000 deaths. There is no real reason or understanding why one culture will grow bigger than another, but it is obvious why a certain individual will gain weight.

Favoritism in Washington Irvings The Legend of Sleepy Hollow :: Legend Sleepy Hollow

Favoritism in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow In Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" he has two main characters, Ichabod Crane and Bram Bones. These two heroic characters both desire the same woman, Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter of a substantial Dutch farmer. Apart from the fact that they both yearn for the same woman these two men are completely different creatures. In "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", Washington Irving does not hide the fact that he clearly favors Ichabod Crane over Brom Bones. Ichabod Crane is a somewhat geeky tall lanky man. He is a highly educated schoolmaster who travels from home to home teaching young children. "Ichabod Crane had a soft and foolish heart towards the sex". He clearly doubts himself with the ladies and appears to be a rather insecure character throughout the narrative. On the other hand, Ichabod Crane's adversary Bram Bones is quite the opposite. Bram Bones is a rather large robust burly and somewhat arrogant man. He is well known for his "feats of strength and hardihood. He is a confident man who expects his advances on a lady to be reciprocated. Bram Bones traveled with his gang of friends whereas Ichabod Crane seemed to be a loner who traveled by himself. Interestingly, both men were well known for there knowledge and skill in their own trades. Nevertheless, even their choice of vocation couldn't be more contrary. Bram Bones was known for his great knowledge and skill in horsemanship. His profession was a hands on job requiring great physical strength. Later in the story we learn that Ichabod lacks the necessary skills to ride a horse very well. Conversely, Ichabod Crane was clearly known for his knowledge and great wisdom. He was respected for his informative accounts of witch craft and the legendary superstitions such as the headless horseman. In terms of the author's favorite character, Washington is not shy about letting the reader know favoritism is undoubtedly towards Ichabod Crane. At one point in the story Washington states, "I should in the true spirit of romantic story, give some account of the looks and equipments of my hero and his steed".

Public Policing Versus Private Security Essay

When comparing private security to public law enforcement there are both many similarities and differences (COPS, 2012). Private security is paid by a private company or agency, whereas public policing is paid by government salaries and taxpayers (COPS, 2012). Public police officers have the authority to enforce laws and protect and serve society (COPS, 2012). Private security officers are paid to protect private property and personnel (COPS, 2012). Most of the duties that public policing and private security officers perform are similar (COPS, 2012). â€Å"Private security and public law enforcement share many of the same goals: preventing crime and disorder, identifying criminals, and ensuring the security of people and property† (COPS, 2012, P. 1). As there are two private security practitioners for every one sworn law enforcement officer, effective partnerships can act as a much needed force multiplier (COPS, 2012). The services that both officers perform are to achieve si milar goals, to prevent, and deter crimes (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security officers serve as leaders while performing their duties (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security officers have a positive impact on the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). The impact that both of these companies have on the criminal justice system could be beneficial if both would team up, work together, and look toward the future (COPS, 2012). There are also several differences between public policing and private security (COPS, 2012).Even though both public policing and private security perform the same type of work, private security protects organizations and personnel (COPS, 2012). Public policing has the authority to enforce the laws and maintain order in society (COPS, 2012). Private security officers perform duties, where they protect, and deter crimes on private property (COPS, 2012). There are several distinct differences between public policing and private security (COPS, 2012). Public policing performs the following duties: maintains order, protects and serves the community, controls traffic, prevents crimes, and arrests offenders (COPS, 2012). Private security officers perform the following duties: serves as an escort, patrols business grounds and surrounding areas, such as parking lots, security guards, and transports valuables (COPS, 2012). Another difference between public policing and private security is  private security has the main concern of protecting corporate and personnel, although public policing has the main concern of public safety and seeking to enforce the laws of the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). If a private security guard witnesses a crime outside their grounds or area of protection, it is their choice whether or not to engage in the situation (COPS, 2012). Another difference between public policing and private security is that public policing earns respect from the community, whereas private security does not earn that same r espect because they work for a company or an agency for profit (COPS, 2012). The community will have different views regarding private security because they do it for money (COPS, 2012). Public police officers do get paid but by the government, not a private organization (COPS, 2012). This brings questions about whether or not private security organizations are running their business with the right intentions in mind (COPS, 2012). Before the community will respect them they want to know money is not the main motivation (COPS, 2012). Both private security and public policing have several similarities and their duties overlap in several ways (COPS, 2012). Though still a minority, both of these agencies do employ women along with men (COPS, 2012). Both of these jobs use uniforms to show people who they are, deter crime, and show their authority (COPS, 2012). Both private security and public policing perform duties that uphold the law and keep the community and organizations crime-free (COPS, 2012). The leadership roles of both of the private and public sectors are fairly similar (COPS, 2012). They both have a paramilitary ranking system (COPS, 2012). Within the public policing ranking system there are officers, detectives, and sergeants (COPS, 2012). Each rank reports to the highest position with their rank (COPS, 2012). The officers report to the highest ranking officer within the government agency (COPS, 2012). Within the private sector, the positions are similar to public with a sergeant, corporal, and senior patrol officer (COPS, 2012). The company owner would be the highest rank within the private sector (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security both play important roles in the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). Both roles deter crime with their presence (COPS, 2012). Both roles can make an arrest, investigate crimes, and prevent crimes (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security help keep members of the community safe (COPS, 2012). Another similarity of  public policing and private security is that both sectors need to have training (COPS, 2012). Depending on the duty, private security may not need as much training as public policing but both need training to perform their duties effectively (COPS, 2012). The different roles that public policing and private security play in the criminal justice system are both important (COPS, 2012).Public policing is bound by enforcing the laws and policies (COPS, 2012). Private security focuses more on keeping the company and personnel safe (COPS, 2012).Most private security is not bound by the same regulations that public police have to follow, such as reading an offender their Miranda Rights (COPS, 2012). There are three important elements that make up a comprehensive security plan, which are physical, personnel, and information security (COPS, 2012). The physical aspect of the security plan is building design, fences, locks, lighting, and alarm systems (COPS, 2012). Another aspect of physical security is security personnel (COPS, 2012). The physical aspect of the security plan may be the main focus on protecting and deterring crime (COPS, 2012). The personnel aspect of a security plan is protecting people within a company or organization and this comes from the presence of the security guard (COPS, 2012). Another aspect of personnel security is identification badges (COPS, 2012). Identification badges allow security officers to check the identity and the security clearance of individuals who come into the company (COPS, 2012). The information aspect of a comprehensive security plan has background checks (COPS, 2012). Another aspect of information security would be to put certain papers through a shredder and dispose important documents properly (COPS, 2012). One more aspect of information security would be to encrypt messages and codes (COPS, 2012). Encrypting files would provide security, so that no one would be able to access information (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security of different similarities and differences; however, both have common goals in mind to protect and serve (COPS, 2012). Both of the goals of these agencies intertwine within each other (COPS, 2012). Both roles are important within the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). Public policing has to abide by the laws and regulations that affect society that private security do not have to follow, such as reading a suspect their Miranda rights (COPS, 2012). The presence of private security helps provide services to the public police by handling small crimes, such as shoplifting,  security issues, business security, a nd surveillance (COPS, 2012). The service that private security provides frees up public police because in the past police officers had to respond to an abundance of calls (COPS, 2012). Private security does not protect society; their main focus is protecting companies and personnel (COPS, 2012).Public policing and private security need to work together as they head into the future to make society a safer place (COPS, 2012). However, the integrating of the public and private law enforcement needs to be a smooth transition. There are reservations about the integrations because of the main difference that comes to mind about the private sector is money. Regardless of anything, private security agencies are businesses making money. Usually, businesses are run in a manner so that they will make money. Law enforcement is a human services field, not a place to run as a business. Therefore, people will wonder if integration between the two sectors will change the focal point to a money-making business rather than a human services field. When money becomes the focal point of a human services field, things will be run differently and that may not be the best interest at heart for public policing. Privatizing everything would change the priorities, goals, and conditions of the entire justice system. References Private Security and Public Law enforcement. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=2034

The Funeral Mask of King Tutankhamen

Perhaps one of the intimately terrible finds in Egyptian archeology is the grave of tycoon Tutankhamen. Howard C maneuverer, the archaeologist whose subsequent remnant fueled speculation of the actuality of the mummys curse, discovered it in 1923 (Tutankhamun, par. 2). Most healthy known beca map it was largely intact at the time of its opening, the site gives modern viewing earreach a r ar insight into the tone and death of a pharaoh.Today, the tomb the Great Compromiser shrouded in fascination as wad in all over the world piffle displays of the arti features retrieved from the crypt. According to the National purport of Art, archaeologists retrieved lv items from the site, and among the items, King Tutankhamens Funeral block out is possibly the most recognized (par. 1). It is also the most stunning example of Egyptian art recovered from the tomb.The bury of King Tutankhamen, divulge known as King Tut, is a large headpiece with the face of the teen faggot, half- hearted over the head and shoulders of the deceased. The full secrete is made of solid coin with inlaid blue glass and stones that name horizontal lines along the right and left over(p) sides of the head, down to the shoulders. This blue and gold stripy headdress, also known as a nemes, which is a majestic head textile to be worn only by the superannuated kings ( devastation Mask, cap. 1).On the hilltop portion of the nemes are two dandy statuettes, one of a vulture and other of a cobra. According to experts, the vulture, Nekhbet, and the cobra, Wadjet, protected the pharaoh ( destruction Mask, par 1). On the back, the lines of the nemes converge at the bottom, in the center. The piece spares no detail, including the eyeliner worn by the old-fashioned king.As a piece of Egyptian art, the Funeral Mask shows masterful use of the divisions of design. The use of color is precisely exquisite. Blue, gold, red and black, which comprise the piece, are all the same colors workative of royalty today. The use of line and space on the sides and catch create the illusion that the adolescent king was large and imposing. In addition, the level of isotropy and balance in the piece is textbook. However, by chance the most overtly reasonful element in the piece is the use of symbols.Iconography and symbols are key to understanding the artists and the subject. The shape of this block out itself is reminiscent of the cobra, ostensibly representative of his power and fierceness. Also, the lines along the sides of the nemes seem to reflect the count on of sunrays. In fact, it appears as if the rays of the sun were emit from the kings face. The sun idol did play a large character in ancient Egyptian religion, barely it is also possible that this represents the artists love of their young pharaoh.The most obvious symbols on the fancy dress are of the cobra and vulture. Other than their use for King Tuts protection, they may also represent his adherence to the old religions. According to Britannica cyclopaedia, serpent, vulture, and sphinx are all motif symbols tied up with such religious deliriums as the cult of the pharaohs and the gods and the cult of the dead (par. 2).Considering the animals religious affiliation, and the fact that Tutankhamen spent his short reign reestablishing the several(a) god religions of the past, one essential ruminate as to the animals religious significance as well (Tutankhamun, par. 5). Perhaps these two point animals were representatives of the gods that the pharaoh worshiped.Above all, these artists give the impression of dread for King Tutankhamen in the medium chosen. The entire work is comprised of precious metals and stones that are historically synonymous with wealth and power. Goldsmiths spent a great do it of time nuance and molding the metal, while small stones were thinning and polished by hand to fit in together almost seamlessly in the piece.Today, non only would the piece b e costly to recreate, it would also be somewhat laborious. tear down with the use of modern tools, the work would be tedious at best. While it must come been somewhat difficult to fall upon this level of work, without these elements the image of their king would have been somewhat dimmed. Although the Funeral Mask would have been exquisite even in clay, ancient craftsmen utilize materials fit for a pharaoh.Furthermore, ancient artisans evidently put a great deal of care into making their pharaohs mask a true representation of the ruler. It appears that their promise was to represent the king accurately and strongly in the afterlife. Although their belief was that Tutankhamen would carry all the elements of his tomb into the underworld, they fitted him perfective aspectly for presentation to an audience thousands of years later with all the wealthiness one would expect to accompany such a powerful man as pharaoh of ancient Egypt. Even today, the Funeral Mask awes visitors wit h its royal visage.While some of the elements, such as facial features, seem crude on the surface and lacking realism, they are perfect in their simplicity. Thousands of years later, the artistry of the mask is virtually unmatched. Modern artists and goldsmiths would find the ask recreation of the mask difficult, if non improbable. When have with the use of color, line, and symbols used by the ancient Egyptians, the mask is perfect.Twenty-first century artisans could not complete such an important toil more appropriately. When given the commission of conception a similar piece, with the originality of this one, most artists would go away to find such a spick balance of elements and design, which makes King Tutankhamens Funeral Mask the most superb piece of ancient Egyptian artwork found in the tomb, and perhaps even the world.Works CitedDeath Mask of King Tutankhamun. King Tutankhamun by Wysinger. 27 walk 2007. .Jewelry. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 27 March 2007. .NGA Treasures of Tutankhamun. National Gallery of Art. 27 March 2007. .Tutankhamun. 27 March 2007. Wikipedia.com. 27 March 2007. .